It could be weeks before doctors know how badly damaged Jules Bianchi's brain is after his sickening crash at the Japanese Grand Prix, a specialist has warned.

The French Formula One driver was under constant supervision following the weekend smash, with his worried parents regularly by his bedside.

"Jules remains in the intensive care unit of the Mie General Medical Center in Yokkaichi. He has suffered a diffuse axonal injury and is in a critical but stable condition," said a statement issued by the family and the hospital. "The medical professionals at the hospital are providing the very best treatment and care."

The 25-year-old Bianchi was knocked unconscious in a horrific high-speed crash into a recovery vehicle during Sunday's rain-sodden race at the Suzuka circuit.

He underwent emergency brain surgery, with doctors saying he was critically ill.

A diffuse axonal injury describes trauma that is spread across the brain, rather than in one place, and is caused by the shockwave from the sudden impact of the crash travelling through the brain. This causes bruising and kills cells.

The body's response to the injury ­— swelling — exacerbates the problem because it restricts blood flow to the brain, causing more damage.

Experts say recovery rates from this kind of injury, which is frequently caused by vehicle crashes, are not encouraging.

"Whether a patient regains consciousness and recuperates fully or suffers after-effects depend on the degree of the injury and which part of the brain was hurt," Shinji Nagahiro, professor, Faculty of Medicine at the University of Tokushima in western Japan, said yesterday.

"Generally speaking, doctors have to wait weeks or at least a month to give a prognosis of the injury or its after-effects," he said.

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