2024年美国侵犯人权报告
Full text: The Report on Human Rights Violations in the United States in 2024

2024年美国侵犯人权报告

中华人民共和国

国务院新闻办公室

2025年8月

The Report on Human Rights Violations in the United States in 2024

The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China

August 2025

目录

Contents

序言

Foreword

一、美式民主：金权游戏的狂欢

I. American Democracy: Carnival of Money Power Games

二、民生福祉：底层民众的挣扎

II. Social Welfare: Struggling Low-Incomers

三、种族主义：少数族裔的枷锁

III. Racism: Shackles of Minorities

四、脆弱群体：妇女儿童的无助

IV. Vulnerable Groups: Helplessness of Women and Children

五、致命旅途：无证移民的悲歌

V. Fatal Journey: Elegy of Undocumented Immigrants

六、美式霸权：他国人权的梦魇

VI. American Hegemony: Terminator of Other Countries' Human Rights

结语

Conclusion

序言

Foreword

2024年是备受关注的美国政治选举之年，在政党争斗、社会撕裂的图景中，美国人权的真实状况得到集中检视。

2024, as an election year in the United States, was a year of special concern that features aggravating political strife and social divide. Such a landscape offers an opportunity to review the state of human rights in the country in an intensive manner.

富者愈富、贫者愈贫，美国经济和社会不平等日益恶化。通货膨胀对中低收入家庭造成灾难性冲击。4000多万人生活贫困，超过70万人无家可归，13.5%的家庭面临食物短缺问题，1380万儿童生活在三餐不继的家庭。超过10万人因药物滥用死亡，昂贵低效的医疗和保险体系触发众怒。枪支暴力致死人数居高不下，1400多名儿童死于枪击。1300多人死于警察暴力执法。

Economic and social inequalities in the United States worsened with the rich getting richer and the poor getting poorer. Inflation delivered a devastating blow to middle- and low-income families. Over 40 million Americans lived in poverty, and more than 700,000 people were homeless. Meanwhile, 13.5 percent of U.S. households faced food insecurity, and 13.8 million children lived in families that did not have enough food on the table. Drug overdose claimed over 100,000 lives, while the exorbitant and inefficient health care and insurance systems fueled widespread public outrage. The death toll from gun violence remained high. More than 1,400 children died of gunshots and over 1,300 people perished due to police brutality.

弱势群体深陷困厄处境，权利持续遭受践踏。美国横跨一个半世纪的寄宿学校实为炼狱，已发现3100多名印第安原住民儿童死于其间。系统性种族歧视在执法司法和社会生活的各个领域无处不在，非洲裔被警察枪杀的概率是白人的3倍，在所有被判处终身监禁不得假释的儿童中61%是非洲裔。约40%的职业女性在职业生涯中遭受过性骚扰，11个州的家庭暴力发生率超过40%，500万妇女生活在没有产科服务的地区。非法雇佣童工数量激增至几十年来最高水平，当权者却放宽限制为剥削儿童大开方便之门。南部边境地区移民死亡人数持续攀升。得克萨斯州埃尔帕索地区死亡移民人数从2022年的72人飙升至2024年的168人。许多移民拘留设施成为滥施酷刑的“黑牢”。

Vulnerable groups were trapped in dire straits with their rights being constantly violated. The American Indian boarding schools, which operated for over a century and a half, turned out to be hell with the discovery of the deaths of more than 3,100 native American children in them. Systemic racism was deeply entrenched in law enforcement and all aspects of social life. African Americans were three times more likely to be shot dead by police than whites and 61 percent of all children sentenced to life imprisonment without parole were of African descent. Nearly 40 percent of women experienced sexual harassment at some point in their careers, while domestic violence rates exceeded 40 percent in 11 states. Some 5 million women lived in areas with no obstetric services. The number of illegally employed children surged to its highest level in decades. Yet the authorities loosened regulation to allow the exploitation of child laborers. Deaths among migrants on the southern border continued to climb, with fatalities in the El Paso region of Texas skyrocketing from 72 in 2022 to 168 in 2024. Many immigration detention centers became secret sites of torture.

面对美国存在的诸多人权问题，两党政客在竞选中闪烁其词、避而不谈实质解决方案。针对社会民生议题避实就虚，将少数人私利凌驾于多数人福祉之上；围绕种族、性别议题挑拨离间，以群体性争斗掩盖结构性矛盾；利用移民议题相互攻讦，借污名化叙事博眼球抢选票。在令人眼花缭乱的政治操弄中，美国人民的权利被异化为政客攫取权力的工具。

As for the numerous human rights issues in the United States, politicians from both parties equivocated during election campaigns and dodged the question of how to earnestly fix the problems. On social and livelihood issues, politicians beat around the bush, putting the interests of a privileged few above the well-being of the many. By exploiting racial and gender divides, they covered up structural problems in society by instigating antagonism between rival groups. They attacked each other over immigration and tried every way to capture attention and garner votes, with many of them demonizing immigrants. With dazzling political maneuvering, the rights of American people were reduced to mere tools for politicians to seize power.

美国国内政治博弈产生溢出效应，加剧地区冲突、酿成人道主义灾难。新一轮巴以冲突造成十几万人死伤，加沙地带约90%的民众流离失所。美国滥施单边制裁，对全球数十亿人的生活产生负面影响，超过60%的低收入国家遭受经济惩罚。美国无视联合国大会连续32年压倒性多数通过的决议，继续维持对古巴的经济、商业和金融封锁。关塔那摩监狱的酷刑体制至今仍在延续，各种残忍手段令人发指。

U.S. domestic political strife had spillover effects, intensifying regional conflicts and leading to humanitarian disasters. The escalation of the Israel-Palestine conflict resulted in over 100,000 casualties and displaced approximately 90 percent of Gaza's population. The unilateral sanctions imposed randomly by the United States adversely affected billions of people globally, with more than 60 percent of low-income countries bearing the brunt of these economic penalties. Despite 32 consecutive resolutions passed overwhelmingly by the UN General Assembly, the United States persisted in maintaining its economic, commercial and financial embargo against Cuba. The torture apparatus at the Guantanamo Bay prison continued to operate, employing methods that were nothing short of appalling.

一、美式民主：金权游戏的狂欢

I. American Democracy: Carnival of Money Power Games

2024年原本是美国公民行使政治权利的关键一年，但在现实中，金钱操控政治，政治绑架司法，选举规则压制选民，政治暴力事件频发，大多数民众对美式民主深感失望。

The year 2024 was meant to be a defining moment for American citizens to exercise their political rights. Yet in reality the year was fraught with political violence as politics was controlled by money, justice was hijacked by politics, and voters were disenfranchised by electoral rules. As a result, the majority of Americans were profoundly disillusioned with American-style democracy.

金钱操控美国政治。金钱是美国政治的母乳，而选举过程恰恰是金钱控制美国政治的命门所在。根据美国金钱政治研究机构“公开的秘密（Open Secrets）”网站发布的数据，2024年大选周期的总开销超过159亿美元，再次刷新了美国政治竞选“烧钱”的纪录。在这些竞选经费当中，超过77亿美元来自“超级政治行动委员会”，而近14亿美元来自更不受控制的所谓“混合超级政治行动委员会”。这些委员会都处于美国现行竞选法律无法有效规制的“灰色地带”，直接为金钱操控政治打开了畅行通道。隐藏在巨额金钱政治幕后的操纵者事实上是谋求自身私利最大化的金主。这些人通过金钱肆意操控美国政治的基本逻辑与实际运作。在2024年大选期间，至少有135位号称跻身于“十亿美元俱乐部”的美国富豪分别公开支持了两党总统候选人。从公开数据看，两党总统候选人在竞选期间得到的来自单一金主的最高捐款数额已过亿美元，数千万美元已算不上是“大数字”。卡塔尔半岛电视台网站2024年7月10日发表专栏作家贝伦·费尔南德斯（Belen Fernandes）撰写的评论文章称，“在被委婉地称作‘民主制度’的无耻寡头政治体制下，美国捐赠阶级拥有的权力和影响力过大”，“寡头操控已经成为美国‘政治风景’中司空见惯的一环”。“美国政府属于金主、来自金主、服务于金主。”

Money controls U.S. politics. Money is the lifeblood of U.S. politics. And the electoral process is precisely where money comes in to exercise control. According to data of OpenSecrets, a research group tracking money in U.S. politics, over 15.9 billion U.S. dollars was spent during the 2024 federal election cycle, another record high. Of the total campaign funds, more than 7.7 billion dollars came from super political action committees (PACs), while nearly 1.4 billion dollars came from more uncontrollable hybrid PACs. These committees are in a "gray area" that cannot be effectively regulated by current campaign laws in the United States, directly paving the way for money controlling politics. 

The manipulators behind big money politics are in fact financiers who seek to maximize their own interests. Those people willfully control the basic principles and actual operation of American politics through money. During the 2024 elections, at least 135 billionaires publicly endorsed presidential candidates from both major parties. Public data has revealed that the maximum amount of donations from a single donor received by presidential candidates of both parties during the campaign exceeded 100 million dollars, dwarfing previous "big numbers" of tens of millions of dollars. 

An opinion piece by columnist Belen Fernandez published on Al-Jazeera website on July 10, 2024, said, "In short, it is just another reminder of the inordinate power and influence wielded by America's donor class in a shameless plutocracy euphemized as 'democracy.'" "Plutocratic operations have become so normalized a part of the political landscape," she wrote. "At the end of the day, the United States is nothing but a government of the donors, by the donors, for the donors."

选区重划玩弄民意。美国两党通过极度扭曲的选区划分，挖空心思设计有利于本党胜选的选民结构，肆无忌惮地将政党利益凌驾于选民权利之上。在2020年最新一次人口普查之后，两党都推动了追求本党私利的极端激进的选区重划，对国会议员竞选产生了明显影响。以党争为核心的选区重划也引发了司法争议。截至2024年9月30日，美国各地围绕选区重划方案已引发了84起诉讼，绝大部分诉求都是要求修改最初在单一政党控制下绘制的选区划分地图，其中48起直接涉及针对种族歧视的指控。2024年5月，联邦最高法院以6比3的判决结果，推翻了下级法院作出的认定南卡罗来纳州选区重划方案压制非洲裔选民投票权利的裁决，事实上支持了压制选民的政治行为。三位持反对意见的大法官认为，联邦最高法院的判决具有毁灭性影响，大法官埃琳娜·卡根（Elena Kagan）表示：“在选举领域‘普遍存在的丑陋种族歧视模式’长期盛行。”

Gerrymandering manipulates public will. The two major political parties in the United States blatantly put partisan interests above voter rights by meticulously crafting voter structures in their favor through extreme gerrymandering. Following the 2020 census, both parties pushed for radical redistricting for political gains, significantly impacting the outcomes of congressional elections. 

Gerrymandering driven by partisan interests has also led to judicial disputes. As of Sept. 30, 2024, a total of 84 lawsuits were filed around the country over gerrymandering. The majority of complaints demanded the revision of district maps initially drawn under the control of a single political party. Of the cases, 48 were related to accusations of racial discrimination. In May 2024, the U.S. Supreme Court issued a 6-3 decision to nullify a lower court ruling that found South Carolina's re-drawing of congressional maps discriminated against Black voters. The Supreme Court decision in fact backed political action that suppressed voters. The three dissenting Supreme Court justices warned the ruling had devastating implications. Justice Elena Kagan wrote: "In the electoral sphere especially, where 'ugly patterns of pervasive racial discrimination' have so long governed, we should demand better -- of ourselves, of our political representatives, and most of all, of this Court."

选举规则压制选民投票权利。南部贫困法律中心（Southern Poverty Law Center）网站2024年12月1日报道，2020年以来，已有24个州通过了压制选民的限制性法案，17个州通过了新的或更严格的选民身份证法。这些法律在选民身份证明、邮寄投票等方面规定了过于繁琐的限制性要求，对老年人、少数族裔、残疾人、低收入选民和学生的影响尤为严重。根据投票骑士组织（Vote Riders）的研究，美国有色人种公民缺乏投票所需身份证件的可能性接近白人的4倍。许多符合资格的选民无论政治派别如何，都会因为不了解他们居住地的选民身份证法而无法行使选举权。布伦南司法中心（Brennan Center for Justice）2024年11月19日发布的一项研究报告显示，印第安原住民的投票率历来是所有群体中最低的，但美国政府始终未采取行动改善他们的投票条件，导致其行使选举权的机会被普遍剥夺。

Election rules suppress voter rights. According to a report published on Dec. 1, 2024, by the Southern Poverty Law Center, 24 states have passed voter suppression laws, while 17 states have passed new or stricter voter ID laws since 2020. 

These laws imposed overly burdensome restrictions on voter identification and voting by mail, disproportionately affecting seniors, minorities, people with disabilities, low-income voters, and students. 

According to Vote Riders' research, people of color in the United States were nearly four times more likely than white citizens to lack the required identification for voting. Many eligible voters, regardless of political affiliation, were unable to vote due to a lack of understanding of their state's voter identification laws. A Brennan Center for Justice report published on Nov. 19, 2024 revealed that historically, Native Americans had the lowest voter turnout among all groups. Yet the U.S. government had consistently failed to improve their voting conditions, leading to widespread disenfranchisement. 

极端政治暴力事件频发。长期的两党政治恶斗，形成否决政治，并进一步激化为针对个人的政治暴力。两党政客不断煽动仇恨和敌意，激发极端行为，“政治暴力在美国已经成为了新常态”。路透社2024年10月21日报道，自2021年1月6日“冲击国会山事件”以来，美国已发生300多起政治暴力事件。2024年大选期间，两党总统候选人及其团队都遭遇了不同程度的政治暴力。2024年7月13日和9月15日，特朗普先后两次遭遇未遂刺杀；亚利桑那民主党总统竞选办公室9月23日也发生了枪击事件。美国感恩节（11月28日）前后，多名民主党国会议员遭到炸弹威胁，特朗普提名的一些内阁和联邦官员人选也遭到炸弹威胁。

Extreme incidents of political violence occurred frequently. The prolonged partisan gridlock fueled a culture of political obstruction, often leading to political violence against individuals. Politicians from both parties continued to incite hatred and animosity, triggering radical behaviors. "Threats of violence become the new normal for politicians."

As reported by Reuters on Oct. 21, 2024, since the Capitol riot on Jan. 6, 2021, over 300 incidents of political violence had occurred in the United States. During the 2024 election, both the Democratic and Republican presidential candidates and their teams faced varying degrees of political violence. On July 13 and Sept. 15, 2024, Trump survived two assassination attempts. On Sept. 23, 2024, a shooting occurred at a Democratic campaign office in the state of Arizona. Around Thanksgiving (Nov. 28, 2024), multiple Democratic members of Congress and Trump-nominated Cabinet and federal officials received bomb threats. 

民众对美式民主失望至极。根据《纽约时报》和锡耶纳学院2024年10月28日的调查数据，几乎一半的选民对美国政治体制的成效表示怀疑，62%的受访者认为美国政府主要为精英阶层而非普通民众服务。皮尤研究中心（Pew Research Center）的数据显示，41%的美国人曾经相信的“美国梦”已经破灭，60%的18至29岁年轻人认为“美国梦”已无法实现甚至从未实现过。美国贝茨学院学者泰勒·哈勃（Tyler Austin Harper）2024年11月6日发表文章称，“美国政治体系已经从根本上崩溃了”，两党代表着特殊利益集团的利益，“甚至毫不掩饰对选民需求的漠视”。绝大多数选民认为美国正走在错误的道路上；近80%的人表示，大选并没有让他们为美国感到骄傲。

The public was deeply disillusioned with American-style democracy. According to a New York Times & Siena College poll published on Oct. 28, 2024, nearly half of voters expressed skepticism about the effectiveness of the U.S. political system, with 62 percent believing the government primarily served the elite rather than ordinary citizens. 

Pew Research Center data showed that 41 percent of Americans believed the "American Dream" was no longer attainable, and 60 percent of young people aged 18 to 29 thought it was either unachievable or never existed. In an article published on Nov. 6, 2024, Tyler Austin Harper, a scholar at Bates College, stated, "A political system like that is fundamentally broken," with both parties representing special interest groups and "often without even pretending to heed the needs of voters." A vast majority of voters believed the United States was on the wrong track, and nearly 80 percent said the election had not made them proud of their country. 

二、民生福祉：底层民众的挣扎

II. Social Welfare: Struggling Low-Incomers

高通胀加剧贫富鸿沟，中低收入家庭遭受灾难性冲击，无家可归者人数再创新高。医疗和保险体系昂贵低效触发众怒，药物滥用危害民众健康。枪支暴力威胁生命安全，警察滥用暴力草菅人命，监狱囚犯遭受虐待。

Skyrocketing inflation exacerbated the wealth gap, delivering catastrophic blows to low- and middle-income families, while homelessness reached unprecedented levels. The costly and inefficient health care and insurance systems sparked widespread outrage. Substance abuse continued to harm public health. Gun violence threatened lives. Police brutality persisted in total disregard for human lives. Prisoners continued to be abused in detention facilities.

贫富鸿沟凸显“两个美国”。美国的收入和财富不平等比其他发达国家高得多，而且持续加剧。全球统计数据库（Statista）2024年9月16日公布的数据显示，2023年美国贫困率再次上升，贫困人口比例上升至12.9%。美联储统计数据显示，截至2024年6月30日，财富排名前10%的家庭拥有美国家庭总财富的67%，而财富排名后50%的家庭只拥有美国家庭总财富的2.5%，前者的平均财富拥有量是后者的1353倍。受教育程度不平等维持着贫困代际传递，形成恶性循环。例如，家长没有接受过高中教育的美国家庭财富，仅为家长接受过四年制大学教育的家庭财富的9%。美国最富有的10%的家庭拥有约80%的股票市值。美国已分裂为少数富人阶层和大多数中下阶层的“两个美国”。

The wealth gap revealed "Two Americas." Income and wealth inequality in the United States far exceeded those of other developed nations and continued to worsen. Data released by Statista on Sept. 16, 2024 showed that the U.S. poverty rate rose again in 2023, with 12.9 percent of the population living in poverty. According to Federal Reserve data, as of June 30, 2024, the top 10 percent of U.S. households held 67 percent of the nation's total wealth, while the bottom 50 percent owned just 2.5 percent. The average wealth of the top 10 percent was 1,353 times higher than that of the bottom 50 percent. Educational inequality perpetuated intergenerational poverty, creating a vicious cycle. For example, the wealth of families where parents lacked a high school diploma was only 9 percent of that of families where parents had a four-year college degree. The wealthiest 10 percent of households owned approximately 80 percent of the stock market value. The United States had effectively split into "Two Americas" -- a small wealthy elite and a vast low- and middle-class majority.

低收入家庭遭受灾难性冲击。2024年美国通货膨胀率高位波动，物价和利率水平持续高企，严重冲击普通民众的生活，许多人的债务比以往任何时候都高。美国信用卡债务总额在2024年第二季度达到创纪录的1.14万亿美元。低收入美国家庭不得不削减在可自由支配物品上的支出，贷款违约比例上升至约十年来的最高水平。2023年，美国有13.5%的家庭陷入食物短缺的窘境，高于2022年的12.8%，其中有1380万儿童生活在三餐不继的家庭。

Low-income families faced catastrophic impacts. In 2024, inflation remained high, so were consumer prices and interest rates, severely impacting ordinary Americans, many of whom saw higher debts than ever. U.S. credit card debt totaled a record high of 1.14 trillion dollars in the second quarter of 2024. Low-income families were forced to cut discretionary spending, and loan delinquency rates rose to the highest levels in nearly a decade. In 2023, 13.5 percent of U.S. households faced food insecurity, up from 12.8 percent in 2022. Some 13.8 million children lived in households that did not have enough food on the table. 

无家可归者被逼入绝境。美国住房和城市发展部2024年发布的年度报告显示，美国无家可归者人数达到77.18万，即每1万人中约有23人无家可归，比2023年同期增加18.1%，这是自2007年开始此项统计以来的最大增幅。越来越多的有体面工作的上班族，出于各种原因沦为新的无家可归者。雪上加霜的是，联邦最高法院在2024年7月作出裁决，支持对露宿街头的无家可归者处以罚款、逮捕或监禁。占美国无家可归者总数近一半的加利福尼亚州，下令在全州范围内拆除无家可归者营地。洛杉矶无家可归者比有住房者受到传唤或逮捕的可能性高出79倍，被关进监狱的可能性高出27倍。

Homelessness pushed people to the brink. The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's 2024 annual report revealed that the number of homeless people in the United States reached 771,800, or approximately 23 per 10,000 people, marking an 18.1 percent increase from 2023 -- the largest rise since records began in 2007. An increasing number of working Americans with decent jobs became homeless due to various factors. Compounding the crisis, the Supreme Court ruled in July 2024 to allow fines, arrests, or imprisonment against homeless individuals sleeping outdoors. California, home to nearly half of the nation's homeless population, ordered the dismantling of homeless encampments statewide. In Los Angeles, a homeless individual was 79 times more likely than a housed person to be cited or arrested and 27 times more likely to be jailed than those with housing. 

政商共谋导致药物滥用和毒品危机。美国缉毒署署长安妮·米尔格拉姆（Anne Milgram）认为，“美国面临有史以来最危险和最致命的毒品危机。”过去几年，美国合成阿片类药物（例如芬太尼）和兴奋剂（例如可卡因和甲基苯丙胺）的过量用药情况持续上升。2023年美国发生105007例药物过量死亡，其中35岁至44岁成年人的药物过量死亡率最高。美国大麻行业已成为全国性行业，2024年零售销售额超过320亿美元。《2023年美国药物使用和健康调查报告》显示，当年约有6180万12岁以上的美国人使用大麻；近900万美国人滥用阿片类药物，“阿片类药物已成为美国大众的麻醉剂”。美国制药巨头们为牟利欺骗性地推广阿片类药物的使用，并且千方百计逃避索赔追责。美国医药利益集团还加大政策游说力度，2007年以来每年游说投入都超过2亿美元，2023年更是达到创纪录的近4亿美元。美国食品药品监督管理局（Food and Drug Administration, FDA）在批准和标示新镇痛药时，履职不力监管失败。利益绑架、政商共谋、监管失职是美国药物滥用和毒品危机的祸乱之源。

Government-business collusion fueled substance abuse and drug crisis. Anne Milgram, administrator of the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, said the United States was facing "the most dangerous and deadly drug crisis." Overdoses involving synthetic opioids (e.g., fentanyl) and stimulants (e.g., cocaine and methamphetamine) surged in the past few years. In 2023, there were 105,007 drug overdose deaths in the United States, with the highest mortality rate among adults aged 35 to 44. Cannabis became a nationwide business, with retail sales exceeding 32 billion dollars in 2024. According to the 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, approximately 61.8 million Americans aged 12 and older used marijuana that year.

Nearly 9 million Americans misuse opioids, and "opioids have become the narcotic of the American public." U.S. pharmaceutical giants, in pursuit of profit, deceptively promoted opioid use while employing every means to evade liability and compensation claims. The American pharmaceutical lobby has also intensified policy influence, with annual spending exceeding 200 million U.S. dollars since 2007 and reaching a record high of nearly 400 million dollars in 2023. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) failed in its oversight duties when approving and labeling new painkillers. The root of America's drug abuse and opioid crisis lies in interest hijacking, government-business collusion and regulatory failure.

失败医疗保险体系触发众怒。过度市场化和高垄断化推高医药价格，利益集团绑架政策制定，多系统行政运行成本过高，这些因素导致美国医疗保健费用螺旋式上涨。美国人均医疗支出从2000年的7908美元上升至2023年的14570美元。英联邦基金（The Commonwealth Fund）2024年9月发布的报告《镜鉴2024：失败的美国医疗系统》显示，在10个高收入国家中美国医疗资金支出最多且持续上升，但表现最差，是唯一一个未提供全民医疗保健的国家，人均预期寿命最低。高额的自付支出和初级保健的缺乏等，导致2023年有35%的美国成年人要么缺乏充足的医疗保障，要么因为保险不足以支付全部医疗费用而放弃治疗，另有9%的美国人完全没有被健康保险所覆盖。很多人因难以负担基本的医疗保健费用无力就医，一生中不得不忍受各种病痛。美国医疗保险公司以“延迟、拒绝和不支付”等手段对付投保者，大批中低收入病人因为医疗债务而破产。2024年12月4日，美国保险巨头“联合医疗”首席执行官布莱恩·汤普森（Brian Thompson）遭遇枪杀，在枪击现场发现的弹药上写着“延迟”“否认”“不支付”等用来描述保险公司如何逃避索赔的词语。这一事件再次点燃了美国公众对医保公司的愤怒情绪。

Failed healthcare system triggers public anger. Excessive marketization and high monopolization have driven up medical prices, while special interest groups have hijacked policymaking. Bloated administrative costs across multiple systems have jointly led to spiraling healthcare expenditures in the United States. The nation's per capita health spending surged from 7,908 dollars in 2000 to 14,570 dollars in 2023. The Commonwealth Fund's September 2024 report, "Mirror, mirror 2024: A Portrait of the Failing U.S. Health System," revealed that among 10 high-income nations, the United States spends the most on health care with expenditures continuing to rise, yet performs the worst. It is the only country without universal health coverage, and has the lowest life expectancy.

Due to exorbitant out-of-pocket costs and lack of primary care, among other things, 35 percent of American adults in 2023 either lacked adequate health coverage or had to forgo treatment due to insufficient insurance benefits, while another 9 percent had no health insurance at all. A significant number of people are unable to access Medicare due to unaffordable basic health care costs, which force them to endure untreated illnesses throughout their lives. U.S. health insurers routinely employ tactics of "delay, deny and depose" against policyholders, driving numerous low- and middle-income patients into medical bankruptcy. On Dec. 4, 2024, when UnitedHealthcare CEO Brian Thompson was shot, ammunition found at the scene bore the words "delay", "deny" and "depose" -- terms that epitomize insurers' claim-avoidance strategies. The incident reignited public fury towards U.S. health insurance companies. 

大规模枪击案频发。美国政府无法保护人民免受枪支滥用带来的经常性暴力。K-12学校枪击案数据库（K-12 School Shooting Database）网站显示，近年来，校园枪击事件和相关受害者人数显著增加。“枪支暴力档案（Gun Violence Archive）”网站数据显示，2024年美国有4万多人死于枪击，发生大规模枪击事件503起，发生校园枪击案45起，其中32起发生在中小学。根据美国人口普查局的数据，威斯康星州密尔沃基郡每10万名儿童中就有10.8至14.6名凶杀案受害者，其中绝大部分受害者死于枪击。2024年3月，宾夕法尼亚州的一项调查发现，近一半的家长更担心孩子在学校遭遇枪支暴力，而不是担心孩子“学业落后”。

Frequent mass shootings have plagued the nation. The U.S. government has failed to protect its people from the recurring violence caused by rampant gun misuse. The K-12 School Shooting Database website shows that school shootings and related casualties have risen sharply in recent years. Data from the Gun Violence Archive show that in 2024 there were more than 40,000 gunshot deaths in the United States, 503 mass shootings, and 45 school shootings, 32 of which occurred in elementary and secondary schools. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Milwaukee County in the state of Wisconsin has between 10.8 and 14.6 homicide victims for every 100,000 children, with the vast majority of the victims dying from gunshots. In March 2024, a Pennsylvania survey found that nearly half of the parents were more worried about gun violence at school than about their children "being behind academically."

警察执法滥用暴力。根据美国“警察暴力地图（Mapping Police Violence）”网站的数据，美国警察每年至少对30万人使用暴力，其中约10万人受伤。2013年以来，警察暴力执法致死人数持续攀升。2024年，美国警察共射杀1361人。美国人权活动人士塔玛拉·希尔（Tamara Hill）发表文章指出：“美国的暴力文化早已渗入执法部门的骨髓之中，而有罪不罚现象更加剧了警察暴力。在美国，由于问责标准过于宽松，执法部门和刑事惩罚体系经常伤害平民而不用承担后果。”

Police brutality is rampant in law enforcement. The U.S. website Mapping Police Violence shows that police officers use violence against at least 300,000 individuals annually, with approximately 100,000 sustaining injuries. Fatal police encounters have shown a consistent upward trend since 2013. In 2024 alone, police shootings claimed 1,361 lives. U.S. human rights activist Tamara Hill observed in an article: "Violence has become institutionalized within American law enforcement culture, while systemic impunity exacerbates police brutality. Under excessively lenient accountability standards, U.S. police departments and criminal justice systems routinely harm civilians without consequence."

监狱囚犯遭受虐待。美国人口不到世界人口的5%，而全世界被囚禁的人口中有近四成被关押在美国监狱。2024年美国的各种监狱中关押着约190万名犯人，每176名美国人中就有1人被关在监狱里。更为夸张的是，在美国至少有四分之一进过监狱的人会在被释放的当年再次被捕入狱。《洛杉矶时报》网站2024年9月4日报道，在过去两年中，被关押在两所监狱的数十名妇女对惩教部门提起了多次诉讼，指控监狱工作人员利用职权对她们进行性骚扰、猥亵和强奸。然而，监狱性虐待数据显示，尽管有数百起投诉，但惩教人员几乎未受到任何纪律处分后果。合众国际社（United Press International）网站2024年10月1日报道，美国司法部表示，佐治亚州监狱违反了美国宪法第八修正案的规定，将囚犯置于“恐怖、不人道”的环境中。

Inmates face abuse in U.S. prison facilities. Accounting for less than 5 percent of the global population, the United States incarcerates nearly 40 percent of the world's prisoners. As of 2024, approximately 1.9 million individuals had been detained across American correctional facilities, which means 1 in every 176 U.S. residents is currently imprisoned. More alarmingly, at least one-quarter of released prisoners are rearrested within their first year of freedom. The Los Angeles Times reported on Sept. 4, 2024 that dozens of women incarcerated in two prisons have filed multiple lawsuits against the corrections department, alleging that prison staff sexually harassed, molested, and raped them by exploiting their positions of authority. However, prison sexual abuse data showed that despite hundreds of complaints, virtually no disciplinary actions were taken against implicated staff. The U.S. Department of Justice said Georgia prisons violated the Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution by placing inmates in "horrific, inhumane" conditions, the United Press International reported on Oct. 1, 2024, on its website. 

三、种族主义：少数族裔的枷锁

III. Racism: Shackles of Minorities

联合国人权理事会当代形式种族主义问题特别报告员指出，人们将美国的种族主义描述成“存在于呼吸的空气中”，并“从摇篮到坟墓”持续存在。种族歧视言论肆意横行，司法体系形成全链条种族歧视，少数族裔在工作、生活中长期遭受广泛歧视和排斥，环境种族主义引发新的关切，种族歧视借助人工智能得以固化并以更隐蔽的形式传播。

The United Nations Human Rights Council's Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Racism noted that racism in the United States has been described as "being in the air we breathe" and persists "from cradle to grave." Racist rhetoric runs rampant while the judicial system exhibits systemic racial discrimination at every level. Ethnic minorities are subjected to persistent and widespread discrimination and exclusion in their daily life and workplaces, with environmental racism emerging as a new concern. Furthermore, racial discrimination is being entrenched and disseminated in more covert forms through artificial intelligence.

种族歧视言论大行其道。煽动种族歧视成为美国政治竞选攻防的重要手段。美国全国广播公司（National Broadcasting Company, NBC）网站2024年10月28日报道，在2024年美国总统竞选集会上，助选嘉宾发表了一系列带有种族主义色彩的粗俗言论，抹黑非洲裔和拉美裔。2024年总统大选落幕之际，美国多地非洲裔都收到了种族歧视短信，告知他们被选中去最近的种植园采摘棉花。一则被披露的短信写道，“我们的奴隶主管（Executive Slaves）会开一辆棕色面包车来接你，进入种植园之后，要准备好接受搜查。”

Racist rhetoric has become pervasive. Inciting racial discrimination has become a key tactic in U.S. political campaigns. The National Broadcasting Company reported on Oct. 28, 2024 that speakers at a U.S. presidential campaign rally made a series of vulgar, racially charged remarks disparaging African Americans and Latinos. As the 2024 presidential election concluded, many African Americans across the country received racist text messages instructing them to report to the nearest plantation to pick cotton. One disclosed message read, "Our Executive Slaves will send a brown van to pick you up. Be prepared to be searched upon entering the plantation."

系统性种族歧视笼罩执法司法体系。美国律师协会和斯坦福大学2024年6月发布的报告《刑事法律系统中的偏见》指出，美国的种族偏见存在于逮捕、保释、指控、判刑等刑事程序的各个阶段。与违法情节相似的白人相比，非洲裔和拉美裔更容易被警察逮捕，受到更多的审前拘留和更严厉的刑罚。在涉及轻微的交通、毒品和财产犯罪时，种族差别对待尤为明显。种族歧视更突出体现在警察暴力执法中。在有记录的美国警察暴力致死事件中，非洲裔的遇害率是白人的3倍，印第安原住民的遇害率是白人的2.2倍，拉美裔的遇害率是白人的1.3倍。美国司法部调查报告指出，密西西比州列克星敦警察局“建立了一个可以让警察肆意违法的体系”，这个约76%居民是非洲裔的乡村小镇，存在着令人震惊的种族歧视性执法和骚扰现象。美国司法部的调查报告发现，田纳西州孟菲斯市警察局过度使用武力，歧视性对待非洲裔美国人，特别体现在儿童身上。2018年1月至2023年8月，该地因违反宵禁或游荡规定而被捕的非洲裔儿童有180名，而白人儿童只有4名；因扰乱治安而被捕的非洲裔儿童有120名，而白人儿童只有1名。布伦南司法中心网站2024年12月10日报道，美国联邦司法机构针对某些联邦罪行所作的判决，在死刑的适用上存在种族差异。在得克萨斯州，联邦审判中非洲裔被判处死刑的可能性是其他族裔的16倍。《底特律新闻》（Detroit News）网站2024年2月4日报道，非洲裔约占美国总人口的13%，但在所有被判处终身不得假释的儿童中，61%是非洲裔。

Systemic racial discrimination pervades law enforcement and judicial systems. A June 2024 report titled "Bias in the Criminal Legal System" jointly released by the American Bar Association and Stanford University, found that racial bias exists at every stage of criminal proceedings -- from arrest and bail to charging and sentencing. Compared with white individuals who committed similar offenses, African Americans and Latinos are more likely to be arrested by police, face longer pretrial detention, and receive harsher sentences.

Racial disparities are particularly stark in cases involving minor traffic, drug, and property offenses. Racial discrimination is even more evident in instances of police use of force. Among documented cases of police force-related fatalities in the United States, African Americans are killed at three times the rate of white Americans, Native Americans at 2.2 times the rate, and Hispanic Americans 1.3 times. 

A report by the U.S. Department of Justice found that the Lexington Police Department in Mississippi "has created a system where officers can relentlessly violate the law." In this rural town, where approximately 76% of residents are African Americans, alarming patterns of racially discriminatory law enforcement and harassment were identified. Another Justice Department investigation revealed that the Memphis Police Department in Tennessee engaged in excessive use of force and discriminatory treatment of African Americans, particularly affecting children. Between January 2018 and August 2023, 180 African American children were arrested for curfew violations or loitering, compared to just four White children. Similarly, 120 African American children were arrested for disorderly conduct, while only one White child faced the same charge. 

A report from the Brennan Center for Justice on December 10, 2024, highlighted racial disparities in federal sentencing, particularly in the application of the death penalty. In Texas, African Americans were found to be 16 times more likely than individuals of other racial groups to receive a death sentence in federal trials. Additionally, a report by Detroit News on February 4, 2024, revealed that while African Americans constitute approximately 13% of the U.S. population, they account for 61% of all juveniles sentenced to life without parole. 

环境种族主义贻害无穷。联合国人权专家2024年5月16日发布的报告指出，在美国“那些面临着系统性不平等和种族主义状况的群体承受着气候和生态危机带来的不成比例的恶劣影响”。美国疾病控制与预防中心（Centers for Disease Control and Prevention）和美国肺脏协会等组织认为，不同种族生活环境的污染及其危害程度存在显著差异，这是导致众多健康状况差异的根本原因。由于种族隔离和“红线政策”等历史原因，非洲裔更有可能暴露在有害或污染的环境中。凯泽家庭基金会（Kaiser Family Foundation, KFF）2024年10月24日报道，美国近80%的城市固体废物焚烧炉建造在非洲裔、拉美裔和低收入社区，这可能导致癌症等一系列恶性疾病高发。《环境研究》（Environmental Research）2024年3月刊登的美国杜兰大学、孟菲斯大学、路易斯安那州立大学3位学者联合署名的一项研究结果指出，路易斯安那州“癌症带”（Cancer Alley）区域化学工厂密集，那里的人口以非洲裔为主，当地居民因工业空气污染罹患癌症的风险高居美国之首，是全国平均值的7倍多，空气污染对当地孕产妇和新生儿健康的损害高达全国平均值的3倍。盖洛普公司（The Gullup）的调查结果显示，环境污染正在使大量美国非洲裔流离失所。仅在2023年5月至2024年4月的12个月内，大约400万非洲裔因污染不得不暂时搬迁，另有200万人不得不永久搬迁。

Environmental racism has far-reaching consequences. A report released by United Nations human rights experts on May 16, 2024, highlighted that in the United States, "the devastating effects of the climate and ecological crises are disproportionately borne by those who face conditions of systemic inequality and racism." Organizations such as the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Lung Association have identified significant disparities in environmental pollution exposure across racial groups, which serve as a fundamental driver of health inequities.

Due to historical factors such as racial segregation and redlining, African Americans are more likely to be exposed to hazardous or polluted environment. A report by the Kaiser Family Foundation on October 24, 2024, noted that nearly 80% of urban solid waste incinerators in the U.S. are located in African American, Hispanic, and low-income communities, contributing to elevated risks of cancer and other severe illnesses. 

A study published in the Environmental Research journal in March 2024, co-authored by scholars from Tulane University, the University of Memphis, and Louisiana State University, examined Louisiana's Cancer Alley, a region densely populated with chemical plants and predominantly home to African American residents. The study found that local cancer risk from industrial air pollution is the highest in the nation - more than seven times the national average. Additionally, the health risks posed by air pollution to pregnant women and newborns in the area are three times higher than the national average. 

A survey by Gallup further revealed that environmental pollution has displaced a significant number of African Americans. Between May 2023 and April 2024 alone, approximately four million African Americans were forced to relocate temporarily due to pollution, while another two million had to move permanently. 

非洲裔深陷健康赤字困境。凯泽家庭基金会2024年2月22日发布的报告显示，当前非洲裔群体在健康和医疗方面所处的弱势地位，深深植根于历史上的种族歧视。非洲裔的预期寿命比白人少近5年，婴儿死亡率是白人的2倍多，孕产妇死亡率几乎是白人的3倍。近20年来，美国在消除关键健康指标的种族差异方面几乎没有取得任何进展。联邦、州和地方政府已经建立了维持现状的制度，强大的商业和政治利益阻碍着非洲裔福祉的实现。美国癌症研究协会（American Association for Cancer Research）2024年6月发布的报告指出，在过去几年中，尽管非洲裔女性比白人女性的乳腺癌发病率低6%，但死于乳腺癌的可能性却比后者高出40%。凯泽家庭基金会2024年10月24日报道，南卡罗来纳州是美国健康状况最差的地区之一，医疗机构和医护人员严重短缺，慢性病发病率很高。特别是非洲裔缺乏医疗保险，难以获得优质医疗服务。社区健康心理学家贾梅塔·妮可·巴洛（Jameta Nicole Barlow）说，政府的行为向非洲裔发出的明确信息是：“你以为你是谁，有什么资格要求医疗服务？”

African Americans face a severe health deficit. A report released by the Kaiser Family Foundation on February 22, 2024, underscores that the persistent health and medical disparities affecting African American communities are deeply rooted in historical racial discrimination. African Americans have a life expectancy nearly five years shorter than that of white Americans, an infant mortality rate more than twice as high, and a maternal mortality rate nearly three times greater. Over the past two decades, the United States has made little progress in closing racial gaps in key health indicators. Federal, state and local governments have established systems that maintain the status quo, while powerful commercial and political interests continue to obstruct efforts to improve the well-being of African Americans. 

A report published by the American Association for Cancer Research in June 2024 highlights stark racial disparities in cancer outcomes. Although African American women have a 6% lower incidence rate of breast cancer compared to White women, they are 40% more likely to die from the disease. 

The Kaiser Family Foundation further reported on October 24, 2024, that South Carolina ranks among the states with the poorest health outcomes, with severe shortages of healthcare facilities and medical personnel and a high prevalence of chronic illnesses. African Americans in particular face significant barriers to healthcare access, with many lacking health insurance and struggling to obtain quality medical services.

Jameta Nicole Barlow, a community health psychologist and professor at George Washington University, said that government actions essentially send a clear message to African Americans: "Who are you to ask for health care?"

寄宿学校成为原住民儿童炼狱。自1819年推出针对印第安人的《文明开化基金法》开始，美国制定了一系列法律和政策，推动在全国建立原住民寄宿学校，强制印第安儿童入学，以抹掉他们身上的民族特性，摧毁他们的文化根基。这些寄宿学校造成了一系列人间惨剧。美国政府2024年7月发布的一份报告承认，19世纪初至20世纪70年代，大量原住民学生在寄宿学校遭受身体虐待或性虐待，估计至少973名学生在这些寄宿学校死亡。而《华盛顿邮报》经过一年的调查发现，1828年至1970年间，3104名学生在这些学校中死亡。这一数字是美国政府报告的死亡人数的3倍。内布拉斯加州美国原住民事务委员会主任朱迪·盖亚希博斯（Judi Gaiashkibos）指出，寄宿学校不是学校，是“犯人营”和“劳工营”。

Boarding schools became a living hell for Indigenous children. Since the passage of the Civilization Fund Act in 1819, the U.S. government has enacted a series of laws and policies to establish Native American boarding schools nationwide. These institutions forcibly enrolled indigenous children with the explicit aim of erasing their cultural identity and severing their ties to their heritage. The boarding school system led to widespread suffering and tragedy. 

A report released by the U.S. government in July 2024 acknowledges that from the early 19th century to the 1970s, many Native American students in these schools endured physical and sexual abuse, with at least 973 documented student deaths. However, an independent year-long investigation by The Washington Post uncovered a much higher toll, revealing that between 1828 and 1970, a total of 3,104 students died in these institutions—three times the number reported by the government.

Judi Gaiashkibos, executive director of the Nebraska Commission on Indian Affairs, condemned the boarding school system, stating that these were not schools at all, but rather "prison camps" and "work camps."

印第安原住民权利惨遭践踏。美联社（Associated Press）网站2024年4月14日报道，印第安原住民遭受暴力犯罪、妇女被强奸或被性侵犯的可能性是其他族群的2倍。南加州大学健康新闻中心（USC Center for Health Journalism）2024年1月18日指出，原住民在获得医疗服务上面临严重障碍。蒙大拿州印第安原住民的平均寿命比该州的白人短17年。《洛杉矶时报》网站2024年6月17日报道，印第安原住民是美国所有种族中死亡率最高、预期寿命最低的族群，而这些差异并非来自遗传。明尼阿波利斯联邦储备银行官网2024年3月8日发文称，印第安原住民在贷款购房时支付的利率高于白人借款人。保留地内印第安人的贷款利率平均比白人借款人高1.43个百分点。印第安人权利基金会（Native American Rights Fund）网站2024年8月13日发文指出，印第安原住民在选举中参与率低。大约四分之一符合资格的印第安原住民未登记投票，比白人选民投票率低约16个百分点，这源于印第安原住民长期遭受排斥的历史。

Rights of Native Americans have been trampled upon. According to an Associated Press report on April 14, 2024, Native Americans are twice as likely as other racial groups to experience violent crimes, including rape and sexual assault. The University of Southern California Center for Health Journalism reported on January 18, 2024, that Indigenous communities face severe barriers to accessing healthcare. In Montana, for example, the average life expectancy for Native Americans is 17 years shorter than that of White residents. 

A Los Angeles Times report from June 17, 2024, highlighted that Native Americans have the highest mortality rates and the lowest life expectancy of any racial group in the United States—disparities that are not attributable to genetic factors. Economic discrimination is also evident. According to an article published by the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis on March 8, 2024, Native American borrowers face higher interest rates when purchasing homes, with loan rates on reservations averaging 1.43 percentage points higher than those for White borrowers. 

Native Americans face low voter participation rates. According to a research published by the Native American Rights Fund on August 13, 2024, approximately one in four eligible Native Americans is not registered to vote, and their voter turnout is 16 percentage points lower than that of White voters. This disparity is rooted in a long history of systemic exclusion from the U.S. electoral process. 

亚裔在多领域面临歧视。美国正义联盟（Alliance for Justice）2024年5月22日发布的报告指出，19世纪和20世纪的大部分时间里，亚裔在美国社会的许多方面都被排除在外。直到今日，仍有41个州的最高法院从未有过亚裔法官，尽管其中一些州拥有大量亚裔人口。该报告认为，这种明显的代表性缺失凸显了系统性歧视，使得亚裔继续被排除在司法机构的关键职位之外，导致种族差异和不平等的历史不断固化。《哈佛商业评论》（Harvard Business Review）网站2024年6月2日报道，尽管亚裔在美国劳动力群体中受教育程度最高，但他们在所有种族群体中晋升领导职位的可能性却最低。对财富500强中顶级科技公司的分析显示，亚裔如今在职业生涯中晋升的可能性比10年前还要小。尽管亚裔约占美国专业劳动力的13%，但他们在财富500强企业高管中只占1.5%。此外，超过一半的财富1000强公司董事会没有亚裔董事。

Asian Americans continue to face systemic discrimination in various aspects. A report released by the Alliance for Justice on May 22, 2024, highlighted that for much of the 19th and 20th centuries, Asian Americans were systematically excluded from many areas of public life. Even today, 41 state supreme courts have never had an Asian American judge, despite some of these states having significant Asian American populations.

The report argues that this glaring absence of representation highlights systemic issues that continue to exclude AAPI from key positions in the judiciary, perpetuating a history of disparity and inequity. According to a report by the Harvard Business Review, although Asians are the most educated segment of the American workforce, they are the least likely among all racial groups to ascend to leadership roles. However, a detailed analysis of top Fortune 500 technology companies shows that Asian professionals are even less likely to progress in their careers today than they were a decade ago. Although Asians make up around 13 percent of the U.S. professional workforce, they hold only 1.5 percent of Fortune 500 corporate officer roles. Additionally, more than half of Fortune 1000 company Boards have no Asian directors. 

无端排斥华裔酿成惨剧。美国政府2018年至2022年实施的“中国行动计划”给华裔科学家带来了严重困扰，甚至造成了难以承受的生命代价。美国国立卫生研究院（National Institutes of Health, NIH）对伊利诺伊州西北大学华裔神经学家吴瑛进行了长时间调查，禁止她继续申请科研基金。这种调查摧毁了她的职业生涯。2024年7月10日，吴瑛在家中选择结束自己的生命。国立卫生研究院的主任莫妮卡·贝尔塔尼奥利（Monica M.Bertagnolli）发表声明承认，美国政府采取的行动使亚裔学者陷入困境。“百人会（Committee of 100）”和芝加哥大学全国民意调查中心（National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago, NORC）开展的“2024年华裔美国人状况调查”显示，68%的华裔受访者平均每月至少会遭受一种形式的歧视；50%的华裔受访者在近一个月感到过绝望。

The unwarranted exclusion of Chinese Americans leads to tragedy. The China Initiative implemented by the U.S. government from 2018 to 2022 brought serious troubles to Chinese-American scientists, even causing unbearable loss of lives. After a lengthy investigation by the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), Jane Wu, a Chinese-American neuroscientist at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, was barred from applying for further research grants. The investigation destroyed her career. On July 10, 2024, she took her own life in her Chicago home. Monica M. Bertagnolli, director of the NIH, issued a statement acknowledging that U.S. government actions "have had the unintended consequence of creating a difficult climate for our valued Asian American, Asian immigrant and Asian research colleagues who may feel targeted and alienated." According to the "2024 State of Chinese Americans" study conducted by the Committee of 100 and National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago (NORC), about two thirds of Chinese Americans (68 percent) face at least one form of discrimination in an average month, and 50 percent report having felt hopeless in the 30 days before taking the survey. 

种族歧视迭代升级。联合国人权专家2024年6月3日发布的报告指出，对美国执法图像数据库的专项研究表明，非洲裔人群在警方执法图像数据库中占比过高，导致在美国执法人员使用的人脸识别系统中，非洲裔个体更容易被错误地识别为嫌疑对象，这体现了历史上的系统性种族主义歧视。

Racial discrimination has evolved and intensified. In a report titled "Contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance," Ashwini K.P., a UN human rights expert, pointed out that a special study of the U.S. law enforcement image database showed that the proportion of people of African descent in the database was disproportionately high, leading to African American individuals being more likely to be mistakenly identified as suspects in facial recognition systems used by U.S. law enforcement. This reflects systemic racial discrimination with deep historical roots. 

四、脆弱群体：妇女儿童的无助

IV. Vulnerable Groups: Helplessness of Women and Children

美国至今仍未批准联合国《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》，也是联合国所有成员国中唯一一个拒绝批准《儿童权利公约》的国家。100多年前提出的男女“权利平等”宪法修正案至今仍未获通过。法律保障的缺位导致妇女、儿童权利遭受广泛侵害。

The United States has not ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and is the only UN member state that has refused to ratify the Convention on the Rights of the Child. A constitutional amendment to "equal rights" for men and women, proposed more than 100 years ago, has yet to be passed. The absence of legal protection has led to widespread infringement of women's and children's rights.

职场性别歧视显著扩大。女性难破职业天花板。根据标普全球公司发布的研究报告，在被评估的15000个美国上市公司高管职位中，2023年女性占比仅为11.8%，且低于2022年的12.2%。美国人口普查局（U.S. Census Bureau）年度报告显示，2023年，美国全职男女之间的性别工资差距比2022年扩大。如果将兼职工作者的数据包括在内，情况更为严峻。职业性别隔离是导致性别工资差距的主要原因。2023年，只有12%的职业女性受雇于收入相对较高的计算机、数学、建筑及工程行业，而50%的职业男性受雇于这些领域。即使是相同的职业，女性平均收入也低于男性。拥有研究生学位的女性收入低于拥有学士学位的男性。

Gender discrimination in the workplace has expanded significantly. It's hard for women to break through the professional glass ceiling. According to a report from S&P Global Market Intelligence, in 2023, women held just 11.8 percent of the roughly 15,000 C-suite roles in listed American companies, down from 12.2 percent the year before. In 2023, the gender wage gap between men and women working full-time widened year-over-year, according to an annual report from the U.S. Census Bureau. The Census Bureau calculates the gender wage gap by comparing only men and women who work year-round in full-time jobs. But a grimmer picture for women emerges from data that includes part-time workers. Occupational gender segregation is a major cause of the gender wage gap. In 2023, 12 percent of women in professional and related occupations were employed in the relatively high-paying computer and mathematical and architecture and engineering occupations, compared with 50 percent of men. Even within the same occupations, women earn less on average than men. On average, women with graduate degrees earn less than men with bachelor's degrees. 

多领域性侵害顽疾难除。性骚扰在美国企业司空见惯。约40%的职业女性在职业生涯中遭遇过性骚扰，即便举报也不会得到有效处理。实习医生遭遇的性骚扰率高得惊人。研究显示，美国超过一半的新医生在工作第一年就受到性骚扰。美国联邦调查局为平息一起新入职女性遭遇性骚扰的集体诉讼，同意支付超过2200万美元的和解费用。而该案并非个例，该案代理律师戴维·谢弗（David J.Shaffer）指出，性骚扰在联邦调查局内普遍存在。根据布朗大学沃森国际与公共事务研究所战争成本项目2024年8月发布的研究报告，2023年在美国军队中发生的性侵案件为73695起，是官方披露数据的2倍多；在阿富汗战争的20年中，平均每年有近四分之一的现役女性遭受过性侵。多位背负性行为不端指控的人被提名进入美国政府。性别研究专家指出，此举让大多数面临性骚扰或性侵犯的妇女不再相信司法系统会惩罚性侵者。

The persistent scourge of sexual violence across multiple sectors remains difficult to eradicate. Sexual harassment remains commonplace in American businesses, with about 40 percent of working women experiencing such treatment during their careers. Even when reported, it is rarely handled effectively. The rate of sexual harassment experienced by intern doctors is alarmingly high. More than half of all new doctors are subjected to sexual harassment during their first year on the job, researchers say. The FBI has agreed to pay more than 22 million U.S. dollars to settle a class-action sexual harassment lawsuit by newly hired women. The lawyer for the case David J. Shaffer pointed out that these problems are pervasive within the FBI. According to the Costs of War project at Brown University's Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs, the number of sexual assaults in the U.S. military in 2023 was 73,695, more than double the official figure. On average, nearly one-quarter of active-duty women experienced sexual assault during the years of the Afghanistan war from 2001 to 2021. Some individuals accused of sexual misconduct have been nominated to positions within the U.S. government. Gender research experts pointed out that this move made most women facing sexual harassment or assault no longer believe that the judicial system would punish sexual offenders.

家庭暴力愈演愈烈。根据美国全国家庭暴力热线（National Domestic Violence Hotline）的数据，美国平均每分钟就有24人成为家庭暴力受害者。在2.7万余件家庭暴力案件中，75%的受害者是女性，其中65%为非洲裔女性。《世界人口评论》的统计显示，2024年美国有11个州的家庭暴力发生率超过40%。但这些数据远不是美国家暴事件的全貌。美国司法部发布的数据显示，有53%的亲密伴侣暴力及52%的家庭暴力受害者没有向警方报告。据该部门估计，2023年亲密伴侣暴力受害者的实际人数约有63万，而家暴受害者超过116.5万人。

Domestic violence is on the rise. An average of 24 people every minute become victims of domestic violence at the hands of an intimate partner in the United States. That figure comes from the National Domestic Violence Hotline. Of the nearly 27,000 domestic batteries, 75 percent involved female victims. Of those women, 65 percent were Black. According to the World Population Review, 11 states in the United States have a domestic violence rate of more than 40 percent in 2024. However, these figures only represent part of the overall scope of domestic violence in the United States. According to the U.S. Department of Justice, victims of 53 percent of intimate partner violence and 52 percent of domestic violence do not report their cases to the police. The department estimates that the actual number of victims of intimate partner violence in 2023 reached about 630,000, while there are more than 1.165 million victims of domestic violence. 

政治斗争裹挟下妇女健康权丧失应有保障。在禁止堕胎的州，护理服务整体受到限制，产科医生纷纷离职，形成新的“产科护理荒漠”。联邦基金“跟踪卫生系统绩效”计划的高级科学家大卫·拉德利（David Radley）指出，有超过500万妇女生活在没有产科服务的地区。围绕堕胎的政治斗争让政策不断翻转，民众因无法预期自身权利而陷入恐慌。凯泽家庭基金会2024年的女性健康调查报告称，63%的育龄妇女担心堕胎禁令将威胁其生命或健康。多个州的医院拖延或拒绝提供正常的生殖医疗服务。女性因担心惹上法律麻烦，包括可能面临的刑事指控，不敢冒险前往这些医院就医。《今日美国报》网站2024年9月报道，因堕胎禁令，佐治亚州一名妇女未能及时得到必要护理而死亡；该州另一名妇女则因恐惧现行堕胎立法可能带来的惩罚而未及时寻求医疗护理，导致死亡。支持堕胎的研究组织古特马赫研究所（Guttmacher Institute）负责人表示，“我们正处于一个恐惧的环境中，针对堕胎者、堕胎服务提供者和帮助者的敌意和法律风险不断增加。”

Women's right to health has been neglected amid political battles. In states where abortion is banned, access to overall healthcare is restricted, and many obstetricians are leaving their jobs, resulting in the emergence of new "obstetric care deserts."

David Radley, a senior scientist for the Commonwealth Fund's Tracking Health System Performance initiative, estimated that over 5 million women live in a county that's considered a maternity care desert. The political battles over abortion have led to constant policy reversals, leaving the public in a state of panic, unable to anticipate their own rights. The 2024 Kaiser Family Foundation Women's Health Survey reported that 63 percent reproductive age women in the United States are concerned that they or someone close to them would not be able to get an abortion if it was needed to preserve their life or health. There are emerging patterns in multiple states of hospitals delaying or denying standard reproductive care , and of women unwilling to risk going to those hospitals, for fear of legal trouble, including possible criminal charges. According to a report by USA Today in September 2024, a woman in Georgia died after failing to get the care she needed because of abortion bans. Another woman in the state, fearing the potential penalties of the current abortion laws, also died as a result of delayed medical care. "We are in a fearful climate with increased hostility and legal risk for patients, providers and helpers," said Kelly Baden, vice president for public policy at the Guttmacher Institute, a research group that supports access to abortion. 

儿童生命健康权保障不力。美国的活产婴儿死亡率每年超过5‰，居发达国家之首。美国医学会儿科杂志2024年3月的研究报告称，芝加哥儿童普遍暴露于铅环境之中，有近13万名6岁以下的儿童在饮用被铅水管污染的水。此外，在检测率和暴露水平方面都存在种族不平等的现象，非洲裔和拉美裔居民更有可能饮用到被铅水管污染过的水。

The protection of children's right to life and health is inadequate. Every year, the United States recorded more than 5 infant deaths per 1,000 live births, far exceeding the rates in other high-income countries. A study published by the American Academy of Pediatrics in March 2024 found that nearly 130,000 Chicago children under the age of six are exposed to poisonous lead in their household drinking water because of lead pipes. In addition, there are racial disparities in both testing rates and exposure levels, with Black and Latino residents more likely to have lead-contaminated water due to lead pipes.  

执法司法系统成为儿童性虐待的帮凶。《华盛顿邮报》的一项调查发现，2005至2022年期间，至少1800名州和地方执法人员被指控犯有涉及儿童性虐待的罪行。全国各地的执法队伍几乎没有对内部的性侵儿童者进行清算。整个司法系统都成为施暴者的帮凶：无效的背景调查让有性侵前科的人混入警察系统；受指控的警察利用对法律制度的了解拖延案件、减轻指控或逃避定罪；检察官准备更为“宽容”的认罪协议；法官使许多被定罪的警察免于入狱。连美国司法部部长助理也承认，执法人员利用自身的权力地位，使受害儿童“无处求援，也没有其他人来保护他们”。

The law enforcement and judicial systems have become complicit in the sexual abuse of children. A Washington Post investigation has found that at least 1,800 state and local law enforcement officers were charged with crimes involving child sexual abuse from 2005 through 2022. Law enforcement agencies across the country have done little to root out child sex offenders within their ranks. The entire justice system is an accomplice to perpetrators: ineffective background checks allow those convicted of sexual assault to enter the police system; accused cops have used their knowledge of the legal system to stall cases, get charges lowered or evade convictions; prosecutors have given generous plea deals to officers who admitted to raping and groping minors; judges have allowed many convicted officers to avoid prison time. Even Assistant U.S. Attorney General Kristen Clarke admitted that members of law enforcement who have exploited their positions of power have left child victims with "no recourse and no one else to protect them."

对女童的迫害触目惊心。美国公然违背禁止童婚的国际标准，联邦层面迄今未通过禁止性法律，童婚在绝大多数州仍然“合法”。86%的童婚发生在成年人和未成年人之间，最常见的是16至17岁的女孩，甚至有年仅12岁的女孩同成年男性结婚。童婚不仅使儿童遭受身体和情感虐待，还剥夺了其获得教育和改善经济的机会，使其面临更高的陷入贫困和被剥削风险。女性割礼恶习在美国仍大面积存在，至少有51.3万名女性生活在具有女性割礼恶习的环境中或面临这种风险。美国有9个州以及哥伦比亚特区并不禁止割礼。在禁止女性割礼的州中，有些并不禁止将女孩带到其他州施行割礼。

The persecution of young girls is shocking. In the United States, no federal legislation has been passed against flagrant violation of international standards banning child marriage, and child marriage remains "legal" in the vast majority of states. Eighty-six percent of child marriages reported in the United States were between adults and minors, most commonly girls aged 16 to 17, but sometimes as young as 12. In addition to physical and emotional abuse, it puts minors at higher risk of poverty and exploitation and denies them educational and economic opportunities. The harmful practice of female genital mutilation (FGM) remains widespread in the United States. At least 513,000 women and girls are living with or at risk of FGM, and nine U.S. states and the District of Columbia have no law banning FGM. Of those that do have laws banning it, many do not prohibit girls from being taken out of state to be cut. 

五、致命旅途：无证移民的悲歌

V. Fatal Journey: Elegy of Undocumented Immigrants

边境地区人道主义危机持续恶化，移民遭受酷刑和非人道待遇，大批移民儿童惨遭剥削奴役。移民政策与政治选举深度捆绑，政客公然煽动对移民的仇视，移民沦为政党转嫁社会矛盾的替罪羊，各项人权被无情践踏。

The humanitarian crisis at the border continues to worsen, with migrants suffering torture and inhumane treatment, and large numbers of migrant children falling victim to exploitation and enslavement. Immigration policies are deeply intertwined with political elections, with politicians openly inciting hatred against immigrants, who have become scapegoats for political parties to shift social tensions. In the process, various human rights are ruthlessly trampled. 

政客公然煽动对移民的仇视。有关移民的虚假和误导性信息广泛传播。英国《卫报》网站2024年9月18日报道，在2024年美国整个选举周期中，一些政客广泛散布有关非洲裔和拉美裔移民的谣言，以致关于移民的种族主义阴谋论甚嚣尘上。专家指出，政客为谋取政治利益传播移民虚假信息，助长了美国人对移民的仇视。美国有线电视新闻网2024年10月7日报道，政客在竞选中针对无证移民使用有辱人格的言辞，指控“他们中的杀人犯具有坏基因”。科罗拉多州奥罗拉市有五分之一的居民出生于国外。政客在竞选中不断地把移民，特别是有色人种移民，妖魔化为对美国安全的威胁，宣称要针对移民实施大规模驱逐和家庭分离政策，使当地居民陷入恐慌。政客煽动激化了社会上的反移民情绪。美国广播公司网站2024年12月7日报道，在纽约市，3名成年人询问2名移民青少年是否会说英语，当对方回答不会说时，便拔刀刺向他们，造成1死1伤。

Politicians openly incite hatred against immigrants. False and misleading information about immigrants is widely disseminated. A report by the Guardian on Sept. 18, 2024 said that racist conspiracy theories about immigrants have dominated the 2024 U.S. election cycle. High-ranking Republicans have doubled down on unsubstantiated rumors about Black and brown migrants. Experts argued that the spread of such disinformation amplifies existing xenophobic beliefs within the American psyche as a means of political gain. A report from CNN on Oct. 7, 2024 said that during election campaigns, politicians used disparaging rhetoric against undocumented immigrants, accusing those who commit murder of having "bad genes."

One-fifth of the residents in Aurora, Colorado, were foreign-born. During election campaigns, politicians unleashed a world of panic and pain through their threats of mass deportations and family separations against any immigrant -- legal or undocumented -- who they decide doesn't belong in their America. 

Politicians have stoked and inflamed anti-immigrant sentiment in the American society. ABC News reported on Dec. 7, 2024 that in New York City, three adults asked two immigrant teenagers if they spoke English; when the teens said they did not, they were attacked, with one dead and one injured. 

南部边境人道主义危机延续。美国《新闻周刊》网站2024年11月25日报道，根据美国海关和边境保护局的数据，南部边境地区移民死亡人数激增。仅在得克萨斯州埃尔帕索地区，死亡的移民人数就从2022年的72人飙升至2024年的168人。妇女和儿童在边境地区移民中死亡占比惊人，自2021年以来，有500多名妇女死亡。死亡移民儿童中，年龄最小的仅有1岁。由于移民的死亡多数发生在偏远地区，还有很多死亡事件未得到充分报告。

The humanitarian crisis on the southern border continues. A report in Newsweek on Nov. 25, 2024 stated that, according to U.S. Customs and Border Protection data, the rate at which immigrants die on the border has surged. In the El Paso area of Texas alone, the number of deaths rose from 72 in 2022 to 168 in 2024. The proportion of women and children among the migrant deaths is staggering, with more than 500 women having died there since 2021. Among the migrant children who died, the youngest was only 1 year old. As most deaths occur in remote areas, many remain under-reported. 

移民遭受酷刑和非人道待遇。美国拥有世界上规模最大的移民拘留设施。这些移民拘留设施不仅大肆敛财，还包庇纵容员工对移民实施酷刑和非人道待遇。哈佛法学院移民和难民诊所项目2024年2月6日发布的报告披露，移民拘留设施广泛使用单独禁闭强制措施。在过去5年有记录的14000次单独禁闭中，平均禁闭时长达27天。近30%的单独禁闭持续时间超过90天，25%超过365天，被单独禁闭的移民受到严重的精神创伤。法律和人权组织联盟（legal and human rights organizations）发布的报告披露，拘留着数千名移民的路易斯安那州联邦移民拘留中心饮用水肮脏，食物被鼠粪污染；有些移民在被移送过程中遭到长时间的捆绑，无法进食饮水和如厕，手腕和腿部被勒出了深深的伤口，经常被剥夺获得紧急医疗救治的权利。报告主要撰写人、罗伯特·肯尼迪人权倡导组织律师莎拉·德克（Sarah Decker）把这些拘留中心称为国家移民系统的“黑牢”。英国《卫报》网站2024年11月20日报道，佛罗里达州贝克县拘留中心被指控存在系统性的虐待和歧视，该中心由贝克县治安官办公室与移民和海关执法局共同运营，其工作人员经常对被拘留者进行性骚扰，拒绝向妇女提供医疗保健和卫生用品，并且伪造记录以掩盖其罪行。

Immigrants face torture and inhumane treatment. The United States operates the world's largest immigration detention regime. These facilities not only profit massively, but also shield and tolerate staff members who torture and abuse immigrants. A report released on Feb. 6, 2024 by the Immigration and Refugee Clinical Program at Harvard Law School, revealed that solitary confinement is widely used. There were more than 14,000 placements in solitary confinement between 2018 and 2023, and these placements lasted 27 days on average. Almost 30 percent of solitary confinement placements lasted over 90 days and 25 percent of placements lasted over 365 days, causing mental health conditions for those placed in solitary confinement. A report released by a coalition of legal and human rights organizations has revealed that the Louisiana Federal Immigration Detention Center, where thousands of immigrants are being held, distributes filthy drinking water and food contaminated with rat droppings. Some of the detainees were transported to the detention centers from the border shackled in five-point restraints for hours, unable to use the restroom or eat and drink, and were left with deep cuts on their wrists and legs. Numerous detainees told of being denied medical care. "We see these jails almost as 'black sites' in the national immigration system," said Sarah Decker, one of the report's lead authors and an attorney with the advocacy group Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights. A report published by the Guardian on Nov. 20, 2024 highlighted that a detention center in Baker County, Florida, has been accused of systemic abuse and discrimination. The center, operated by the Baker County sheriff's office under contract with the Immigration and Customs Enforcement agency, allows its staff to routinely racially and sexually harass detainees, deny medical care and sanitary products to women, and then falsify records to cover their tracks. 

移民儿童在收容所中遭受虐待。《华盛顿邮报》网站2024年7月18日报道，近年来，美国移民收容所内儿童遭受性侵害的事件频发。报道称，得克萨斯州切诺维尤（Channel View）收容所的一名主管多次强奸、虐待和威胁1名十几岁的女孩。埃尔帕索收容所的一名护工多次性虐待3名5至11岁的女孩，并以“杀死她们的家人”威胁这些孩子，迫使其保持沉默。这些收容所的实际运营者收到了100多起儿童被性骚扰或虐待的报告，却无动于衷，未进行调查或问责，纵容这些情况继续存在。

Migrant children are subjected to abuse in shelters. According to a July 18, 2024 report from The Washington Post, incidents of sexual abuse against children in U.S. immigration shelters have been frequent in recent years. The report stated that a supervisor at a shelter in Channelview, Texas, repeatedly raped, abused and threatened a teenage girl. A youth care worker at an El Paso shelter sexually abused three girls aged from five to 11 multiple times and threatened to kill their families to silence them. The actual operators of these shelters received over 100 reports of children being sexually harassed or abused but took no action, failing to investigate or hold anyone accountable, thereby allowing these situations to persist. 

数十万移民儿童下落不明。移民儿童入境美国后，被迫与家庭分开拘留，在被释放后失联，等待他们的是被剥削、虐待、强迫劳动甚至面临生命危险。英国广播公司网站2024年11月27日报道，由于政府将入境的无陪伴移民儿童释放给“未经妥善审查”的美国境内的成年担保人，2018年至2023年9月，共有超过32万名无父母陪伴的移民儿童在美国失去行踪。其中许多儿童可能被诱骗从事强迫劳动和性交易，处于被虐待、剥削和贩运的境地。

Hundreds of thousands of migrant children are unaccounted for. After arriving in the United States, migrant children are forcibly separated from their families and detained. Many go missing after being set free, facing exploitation, abuse, forced labor and even life-threatening dangers. According to a Nov. 27, 2024 report of BBC News, due to the government releasing unaccompanied migrant children to unvetted sponsors in the United States, over 320,000 unaccompanied minors were lost track of from October 2018 to September 2023. Many of them have been lured into forced labour and sex trafficking, facing abuse, exploitation and human trafficking. 

非法雇佣移民童工数量暴增。美国参议院2024年11月9日发布的报告称，移民儿童中非法童工数量以令人震惊的速度增加，达到20世纪初以来的最高水平。根据美国劳工部的数据，2015年至2023年，美国有记录的违法使用童工行为（不包括未报告行为）涉及的儿童数量激增了472%。其中相当一部分是移民儿童。仅根据美国劳工部披露的数据，2024财年各行业就有4030名儿童被违法雇佣。在该部门提起的736起诉讼中，近一半涉及违反危险职业法雇佣儿童。美国广播公司网站2024年12月7日报道，移民儿童在美国不仅从事农业和食品供应工作，还从事建筑和修理屋顶等危险工作。面对童工激增的局面，当局的应对措施却是修改童工立法，放宽限制使非法行为“合法化”，为剥削儿童大开方便之门。根据经济政策研究所（Economic Policy Institute）的数据，自2021年以来，至少有30个州提出或通过了削弱童工保护的法案，其中9个州通过了扩大儿童在危险职业或工作场所就业的法案。仅2024年，就有11个州提出或采取了新的法案取消童工保护。《华盛顿邮报》网站报道，印第安纳州的新法律延长了14岁和15岁儿童的合法工作时长，废除了对16岁及17岁儿童的所有工作时间限制。佛罗里达州的法律允许16岁和17岁的儿童连续工作超过7天，取消对所有就读于在线或家庭学校的儿童的工作时长限制，允许他们通宵工作。艾奥瓦州的立法则允许该州的儿童从事一些过去被认为过于危险的工作。这些法律非但没有为儿童权益提供保护，反而成为“剥削儿童”的工具。对此，纽约大学学者特里·格斯坦（Terri Gerstein）批评称，“削弱对童工保护的法律是不道德的、彻头彻尾错误的决定。弱化和倒退的童工法导致更多的孩子在工作中肢体伤残，甚至丧生。”

The number of illegally employed child migrants has soared. According to a report released in November, 2024 by U.S. Senate, there was a disturbing rise in illegal child labor among migrant children, leading to levels of illegal child labor not seen since the early 20th century. Data from the Department of Labor show that the number of minors involved in documented child labor violations (not including the ones that are never reported) increased 472 percent between 2015 and 2023. A significant number of them are migrant children. In fiscal year 2024, the Labor Department found 4,030 children employed in violation of child labor laws across all industries. Of the 736 cases brought by the department, nearly half involved minors employed in violation of hazardous occupation laws. ABC news reported on Dec. 7, 2024 that migrant children in the United States are not only employed in agriculture and food supply jobs, but also in dangerous jobs including construction and roofing. However, in face of the surge in child labor, lawmakers have responded by weakening child labor laws and relaxed restrictions to legalize illegal act, opening the door to child exploitation. According to data from think tank Economic Policy Institute, at least 30 states have introduced or passed bills to weaken child labor protections since 2021, and in nine of those states, legislation has been introduced to expand youth employment in hazardous occupations or workplaces. In 2024, 11 states have introduced or taken new action on bills to roll back child labor protections. The Washington Post reported that Indiana's new law extends legal work hours for 14- and 15-year-olds, repealing all work-hour restrictions for 16- and 17-year-olds. Florida has made law changes to allow 16- and 17-year-olds to work seven days in a row and also removed all hour restrictions for teens in online school or home school, effectively permitting them to work overnight shifts. An Iowa law allows minors in that state to work in jobs previously deemed too hazardous. These laws not only fail to protect children's rights but have instead become tools for "child exploitation." "It is immoral and inappropriate and utterly the wrong decision to roll back child labor law," said Terri Gerstein, director of a labor initiative at New York University. "All that weakening and rolling back child labor laws is going to do is create more kids whose fingers and hands, legs are amputated who are killed on the job."

六、美式霸权：他国人权的梦魇

VI. American Hegemony: Terminator of Other Countries' Human Rights

美国长期奉行霸权主义、单边主义，认为只有自己才能永远在餐桌上吃肉，别人只能在菜单上任其宰割；只有自己才能永远喝牛奶，别人只能长期做“奶牛”。美国强权政治粗暴践踏国际法和国际关系基本准则，肆意侵犯他国人权，严重威胁全球和平、安全与发展。

The United States has long pursued hegemony and unilateralism, believing that only it alone can always sit at the table to enjoy the feast, while others can only be at the mercy of its decisions; only it can always drink the milk, while others are destined to remain the 'cows' that provide it. With its power politics, Washington has repeatedly trampled on international law and the fundamental norms of global relations, violated human rights in other nations with impunity, and posed a grave threat to global peace, security and development.

充当加沙地带“种族灭绝”帮凶。自2023年10月新一轮巴以冲突以来，加沙地区人道主义灾难愈演愈烈。根据联合国人道主义事务协调厅网站2024年12月31日发布的统计数据，冲突已造成加沙地带近4.6万巴勒斯坦人死亡，超过10.8万人受伤，90%的民众流离失所。冲突爆发以来，美国政府一直向以色列提供无条件的军事和外交支持，一再阻挠国际社会停火止战的努力，先后七次在联合国安理会独家否决有关加沙停火决议草案。美国政府的政策引发社会广泛争议和不满，数十所美国高校爆发学生抗议活动，反而遭到警方和校方联合镇压。2024年2月25日，一名美国空军士兵在位于华盛顿特区的以色列驻美使馆门前自焚，抗议美国对以色列的偏袒。多位联合国人权专家2024年2月23日发表联合声明指出，国际法院2024年11月26日关于加沙地带极有可能存在种族灭绝风险的裁决表明对以色列实施武器禁运的必要性。专家敦促各国立即停止向以色列转让武器和提供军事援助，而美国是最主要的武器出口国。美国智库昆西治国方略研究所（Responsible Statecraft）网站2024年8月25日发布的报告指出，美国提供的各类武器装备被大量用于巴以冲突。32位联合国人权专家发表联合声明指出，“向以色列转让武器和弹药可能严重违反国际人权法和国际人道法，并可能成为包括种族灭绝罪行在内的国际犯罪同谋。”

The United States has been serving as an accomplice to the genocide in Gaza. Since the outbreak of the latest round of the Israel-Palestine conflict in October 2023, the humanitarian crisis in Gaza has worsened dramatically. According to statistics published on Dec. 31, 2024 by the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, the conflict has resulted in nearly 46,000 Palestinian deaths in Gaza, over 108,000 injuries and the displacement of 90 percent of the population in Gaza. Since the outbreak of the conflict, the U.S. government has provided unwavering military and diplomatic support to Israel, repeatedly thwarting international efforts to secure a ceasefire. It has exercised its veto power seven times to block United Nations Security Council resolutions calling for a ceasefire in Gaza. Washington's stance has sparked widespread controversy and discontent across the country. Student protests have erupted on dozens of college campuses, only to be met with forceful responses from both university administrations and law enforcement. On Feb. 25, 2024, a member of the U.S. Air Force set himself on fire in front of the Israeli embassy in Washington to protest against the U.S. administration's support for Israel. On Feb. 23, 2024, a group of United Nations human rights experts issued a joint statement, which emphasizes that the International Court of Justice's ruling on Jan. 26, 2024 that there is a plausible risk of genocide in Gaza, underscoring the imperative of an arm embargo on Israel. The experts urged countries to halt arms transfers and military aid to Israel, while the United States remains the largest arms exporters. A report published on Aug. 25, 2024 by the Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft stated that a significant portion of U.S.-supplied weaponry has been used in the Israel-Palestine conflict. Another joint statement issued by 32 UN human rights experts pointed out, "The transfer of weapons and ammunition to Israel may constitute serious violations of human rights and international humanitarian laws and risk State complicity in international crimes, possibly including genocide."

滥施单边制裁制造人道危机。美国是世界上使用单边制裁最多的国家，且近年来滥施单边制裁愈演愈烈，对全球数十亿人的生活产生负面影响。《华盛顿邮报》网站2024年7月25日报道，2024年美国实施的制裁再超纪录，截至4月19日，美国政府有效制裁总量达到15373项，远超任何其他国家，致使超过60%的低收入国家遭受经济惩罚。美国新闻网站“共同梦想”2024年8月12日报道，全球数百名法律专家和团体联名指出，滥用单边制裁相当于对平民的集体惩罚，违反国际法。大量证据表明，广泛的经济制裁会引发并延长经济危机，阻碍人们获得食品、燃料和药品等必需品，加剧贫困、饥饿、疾病甚至死亡，尤其是儿童的死亡。美国对古巴实施的长达60多年的制裁和非人道封锁，是其单边强制措施体系中的一个典型例证。法国《世界外交论衡》月刊网站2024年10月7日发表文章指出，美国的制裁使古巴无限期陷入贫困、屈辱、黑暗和疲惫。2024年10月30日，联合国大会以压倒性多数通过决议，再次敦促美国结束对古巴的经济、商业和金融封锁。多位联合国人权专家2024年2月8日发表联合声明指出，美国单边制裁对食物权、健康权、受教育权、经济和社会权利、生命权、发展权等基本人权产生了负面影响，可能造成灾难性的人道主义和人权问题。

The excessive use of unilateral sanctions is fueling humanitarian crises. The United States is overwhelmingly the world's biggest user of unilateral sanctions. It has increasingly imposed them in recent years, negatively affecting the lives of billions across the globe. The Washington Post website reported on July 25, 2024 that the United States had been imposing sanctions at a record-setting pace. As of April 19, 2024, the U.S. government had 15,373 active sanctions in place -- far exceeding other countries, with more than 60 percent of all low-income countries now under some form of financial penalty. The U.S. news website Common Dreams reported on Aug. 12, 2024 that hundreds of legal experts and groups worldwide have jointly stated that the broad use of unilateral sanctions constitutes collective punishment that harms civilian population and violates international law. Overwhelming evidence shows that broad economic sanctions can spark and prolong economic crises, hinder access to essential goods like food, fuel and medicine, and increase poverty, hunger, disease and even death rates, especially among children. The sanctions and inhumane blockade imposed on Cuba by the United States for more than six decades serve as a stark example of its system of unilateral coercive measures. The website of the French monthly Le Monde Diplomatique published an article on Oct. 7, 2024, stating that U.S. sanctions have left Cuba trapped in days and nights marked by poverty, indignity, darkness and exhaustion. On Oct. 30, 2024, the United Nations General Assembly overwhelmingly adopted a resolution reiterating its call on the United States to end economic, commercial and financial embargo against Cuba with an overwhelming favor. 

On Feb. 8, 2024, several UN human rights experts issued a joint statement criticizing the U.S. unilateral designation of certain states as Sponsors of Terrorism (SST). They argued that such measures negatively affect the "fundamental human rights, including the right to food, right to health, right to education, economic and social rights, right to life and right to development."

海外驻军祸害当地人民。《冲绳时报》网站2024年12月24日发布的报告显示，自1945年美军登陆冲绳群岛以来，该地区记录在案的由美军人员引发的性暴力事件累计高达371起，这些事件对当地民众的尊严与生命造成了持续性侵害与剥夺。《朝日新闻》网站2024年7月11日报道，针对驻扎美军实施的一系列性犯罪案件，冲绳县议会要求驻日美军采取措施防止类似事件再次发生，并对赋予驻日美军法律特权的《日美地位协定》作出修改。《韩国时报》网站2024年10月8日报道，在过去五年中，驻韩美军的性暴力行为和其他罪行接连不断，引发公众强烈抗议。《朝日新闻》网站2024年2月7日报道，针对军事基地附近检测到的致癌性有机氟化合物，冲绳县政府多次要求美国各军事基地调查水质污染原因，而美国军方置若罔闻。

Overseas U.S. Military Presence Harms Local Communities. According to a report by Okinawa Times on Dec. 24, 2024, since the U.S. military's arrival on the islands in 1945, at least 371 cases of sexual violence have been committed by American military personnel, resulting in persistent violations of local residents' dignity and lives. 

On July 11, 2024, The Asahi Shimbun reported that the Okinawa prefectural assembly "unanimously adopted a resolution and a statement of protest against the U.S. military and the central government over a series of sex crime cases involving U.S. servicemen stationed here." The assembly also demanded measures to prevent recurrence and called for revisions to the Japan-U.S. Status of Forces Agreement. 

Similarly, The Korea Times reported on Oct. 8, 2024 that "the number of crimes committed by U.S. Forces Korea (USFK) personnel has increased steadily over the past five years," sparking widespread public protests. 

Additionally, The Asahi Shimbun reported on Feb. 7, 2024 that the Okinawa prefectural government has repeatedly urged U.S. military bases to investigate water pollution linked to carcinogenic per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances detected near military installations. However, the U.S. military has consistently ignored these requests. 

关塔那摩监狱的酷刑体制延续至今。《纽约时报》网站2024年12月18日报道，关塔那摩监狱在押囚犯均被囚禁20年左右。监狱的酷刑体制至今仍在延续。关塔那摩监狱囚犯普遍遭受非人虐待。囚犯阿卜杜勒·拉希姆·纳希里（Abdal-Rahimal-Nashiri）曾在狱中遭受水刑、模拟处决、直肠强制喂食、睡眠剥夺等多种酷刑。他被赤身裸体地吊在地下室，囿于狭小密闭的空间，只能踮脚触地，被迫扭曲肢体形态直至脱臼，连续十几天被剥夺睡眠。酷刑受害者中心网站2024年5月15日发文指出，关塔那摩监狱的审讯者以各式残忍手段施加酷刑，对囚犯造成了深远而严重的身心创伤，终生难以修复。联合国人权专家2024年9月11日发表声明指出，美国非法引渡、酷刑、不人道的拘留条件、非正规军事委员会的不公正审判、任意拘留以及其他违反国际人权法和国际人道法的行径等遗留问题，阻碍为恐怖主义受害者讨回公道，使得正义迟迟得不到伸张。

The Ongoing Torture Regime at Guantanamo Prison. According to a report by The New York Times on Dec. 18, 2024, detainees at Guantanamo have been imprisoned for approximately 20 years. The prison's torture system persists to this day, with inmates routinely subjected to inhumane abuse.

One detainee, Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri, endured various forms of torture, including waterboarding, mock executions, rectal force-feeding and sleep deprivation. He was suspended naked in a basement, confined to a cramped and sealed space where he could only touch the ground on tiptoes, forced into contorted positions until his limbs dislocated, and deprived of sleep for over 10 consecutive days. 

The Center for Victims of Torture reported on May 15, 2024 that interrogators at Guantanamo employed brutal methods causing "physical and psychological trauma" from which "survivors will never fully recover."

On Sept. 11, 2024, UN human rights experts issued a statement highlighting unresolved issues stemming from U.S. practices, including illegal renditions, torture, inhumane detention conditions, unfair trials by irregular military commissions, arbitrary detention and other violations of International Human Rights Law and International Humanitarian Law. These practices have undermined justice for victims of terrorism, perpetuating impunity and denying redress. 

结语

Conclusion

2024年美国喧嚣的政治舞台是一面多棱镜，折射出美式人权的结构性困局。在权力与资本合谋之下，人权被异化为政治“秀场”上的道具和权力“赌场”中的筹码，这完全背离了人权的核心价值和本质要求。如何有效回应美国人民的真实需求，把尊重和保障人权落到实处，是美国政府不容回避的考题。

The tumultuous political stage of the United States in 2024 acts as a prism, reflecting the structural dilemmas of American-style human rights. Under the collusion of power and capital, human rights have been distorted into mere props in a political "show" and bargaining chips in a power "casino," completely deviating from the core values and fundamental principles of human rights. How to effectively address the genuine needs of the American people and translate respect for and protection of human rights into tangible actions remains an inescapable challenge for the U.S. government.

（来源：新华网）

(Source: Xinhua)