《“一国两制”下香港维护国家安全的实践》白皮书
White Paper: Hong Kong: Safeguarding China's National Security Under the Framework of One Country, Two Systems

“一国两制”下香港维护国家安全的实践

（2026年2月）

中华人民共和国

国务院新闻办公室

Hong Kong: Safeguarding China's National Security Under the Framework of One Country, Two Systems

The State Council Information Office of 

the People's Republic of China

February 2026

目录

Contents

前言

Preface

一、香港维护国家安全的斗争从未停止

I. An Unrelenting Fight for Safeguarding National Security in Hong Kong

二、中央政府对香港有关的国家安全事务负有根本责任

II. The Central Government's Fundamental Responsibility for National Security Matters Concerning Hong Kong

三、香港特别行政区切实履行维护国家安全的宪制责任

III. The HKSAR's Achievements in Fulfilling Its Constitutional Responsibility for Safeguarding National Security

四、香港实现由乱到治走向由治及兴

IV. Hong Kong: From Disorder to Stability and Prosperity

五、以高水平安全护航“一国两制”事业高质量发展

V. Creating High-Standard Security for High-Quality Development of the One Country, Two Systems Policy

结束语

Conclusion

前言

Preface

安全是国家生存发展的前提，是社会稳定的基础，是人民福祉的保障。保证国家安全是头等大事。为维护国家的统一和领土完整，保持香港长期繁荣稳定，中国政府创造性提出“一国两制”方针，进行了一系列坚决斗争，于1997年7月1日恢复对香港行使主权。

Security is the prerequisite for a country's survival and development, the foundation of social stability, and the safeguard of people's wellbeing. Ensuring national security is a top priority. To maintain national unity and territorial integrity and ensure long-term prosperity and stability in Hong Kong, the Chinese government proposed the policy of One Country, Two Systems and undertook a series of resolute struggles, ultimately resuming the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong on July 1, 1997.

香港回归祖国后，中央政府和香港特别行政区致力于建设一个繁荣稳定的香港，反中乱港势力和外部敌对势力则竭力阻挠破坏，妄图把香港变成一个独立或半独立的政治实体，不断挑战“一国两制”原则底线，香港维护国家安全的斗争从未停止。中央政府对香港特别行政区有关的国家安全事务负有根本责任，香港特别行政区负有维护国家安全的宪制责任，中央政府全力支持香港特别行政区在应对各种风险挑战中砥砺前行。

Since its return to China, the goal of the central government and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) has always been to develop a stable and prosperous Hong Kong, but our effort has been obstructed and undermined by anti-China agitators in Hong Kong and hostile external forces, who have employed all possible means in their attempt to turn Hong Kong into an independent or semi-independent political entity, severely challenging the One Country, Two Systems principle. The struggle to safeguard national security in Hong Kong is persistent. The central government bears the fundamental responsibility for affairs concerning national security in the HKSAR, while the HKSAR shoulders the constitutional responsibility for safeguarding national security. The central government fully supports the HKSAR as it forges ahead amid various risks and challenges.

进入新时代，以习近平同志为核心的党中央全面准确、坚定不移贯彻“一国两制”方针，强调维护国家主权、安全、发展利益是“一国两制”方针的最高原则。面对香港局势动荡变化，中央政府坚持总体国家安全观，依照宪法和基本法有效实施对特别行政区的全面管治权，制定实施香港特别行政区维护国家安全法，落实“爱国者治港”原则，支持香港特别行政区切实履行维护国家安全的宪制责任，依法有效防范、制止和惩治危害国家安全的行为和活动，香港进入从由乱到治走向由治及兴的新阶段，展现出光明前景。

In the new era, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China with Xi Jinping at its core has fully, faithfully, and resolutely implemented the policy of One Country, Two Systems, emphasizing that its highest principle is to safeguard national sovereignty, security, and development interests. In response to the turbulent and changing circumstances in Hong Kong, the central government has applied a holistic approach to national security, and effectively exercised overall jurisdiction over the HKSAR in accordance with the Constitution of the People's Republic of China and the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. It has enacted the Law on Safeguarding National Security in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region – which has been enforced in the region – and ensured that Hong Kong is administered by patriots. With support of the central government, the HKSAR fulfills its constitutional responsibility to safeguard national security by effectively preventing, halting, and punishing any activities that endanger national security in the region. Order has been restored in Hong Kong. With sound governance, the city has entered a new stage, advancing towards prosperity and showing signs of an even brighter future.

香港维护国家安全，是为了捍卫“一国两制”，维护国家主权、安全、发展利益，保持香港长期繁荣稳定，归根到底是为了国家好、香港好、香港居民好。实践证明，安全不是“紧箍咒”，而是“护身符”“助推器”。有了安全的护航，“一国两制”得以坚持和完善，强大生命力和优越性得到充分彰显，香港发展更具蓬勃活力，750万香港居民的福祉和各国投资者的利益得到切实保障。

Maintaining national security in Hong Kong is to uphold the One Country, Two Systems policy, safeguard national sovereignty, security, and development interests, and ensure Hong Kong's long-term prosperity and stability. Ultimately, it serves the interests of the nation, Hong Kong and its residents. Practice has proven that security is not an inhibition, but rather a safeguard and a booster. With security, the One Country, Two Systems policy has been upheld and improved, fully showcasing its vitality and strength. Hong Kong continues to develop in a more vibrant and dynamic way, effectively ensuring the wellbeing of its 7.5 million residents and the interests of international investors.

为全面总结香港维护国家安全的实践历程和经验启示，正本清源、凝聚共识，以高水平安全护航“一国两制”事业高质量发展，中国政府特发布本白皮书。

The Chinese government is publishing this white paper to review Hong Kong's endeavors in safeguarding national security and the experience and insights gained in the process, and also to clear up confusion and misunderstandings surrounding the issue to build consensus, and to ensure the high-quality development of the policy of One Country, Two Systems with high-standard security.

一、香港维护国家安全的斗争从未停止

I. An Unrelenting Fight for Safeguarding National Security in Hong Kong

1840年鸦片战争后，香港被迫与祖国分离。从那时起，包括香港同胞在内的中国人民为恢复对香港行使主权进行了不屈不挠的斗争。中华人民共和国的成立，为解决香港问题创造了根本条件。改革开放后，中国政府从酝酿提出“一国两制”科学构想到全面实施“一国两制”方针，始终坚定维护国家主权、安全、发展利益，保持香港长期繁荣稳定。

After the Opium War of 1840, Hong Kong was forcibly separated from the motherland. From that point forward, the Chinese people, including their compatriots in Hong Kong, never ceased their fight for the country to resume the exercise of sovereignty over the region. The fundamental conditions for this to become a reality came in 1949, with the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Then, following the launch of the reform and opening-up initiative in 1978, the Chinese government – from conceiving the scientific proposal of One Country, Two Systems to its full implementation as a policy – has been consistent and resolute in safeguarding China's sovereignty, security, and development interests and ensuring sustained prosperity and stability in Hong Kong.

（一）中国政府坚定捍卫国家主权、安全、发展利益

1. The Chinese Government's Resolute Stance on Safeguarding China's National Sovereignty, Security, and Development Interests

中国共产党历来从全局和战略高度审视处理香港问题，中华人民共和国政府从来不承认帝国主义强加的三个不平等条约①。1972年3月，中国致函联合国非殖民化特别委员会指出：“解决香港、澳门问题完全是属于中国主权范围内的问题，根本不属于通常的所谓‘殖民地’范畴。”在中国政府的努力下，1972年11月，联合国大会通过第2908号决议，将香港和澳门从反殖民主义宣言适用的殖民地名单中删去。

The Communist Party of China has always approached the Hong Kong question from an overall and strategic perspective, and the three unequal treaties imposed on China by the United Kingdom have never been recognized as valid by the government of the PRC. 

In March 1972, in a letter to the UN's Special Committee on Decolonization, China stated that "the settlement of the questions of Hong Kong and Macao is entirely within China's sovereign right and does not at all fall under the ordinary category of 'colonial territories'." Through the efforts of the Chinese government, later that year in November, the United Nations General Assembly adopted Resolution 2908, which removed Hong Kong and Macao from the list of colonial territories covered by the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples.

20世纪80年代初，为实现国家和平统一，中国政府创造性提出“一国两制”科学构想，并首先用于解决香港问题。在与英国政府谈判过程中，中国政府强调香港主权属于中华人民共和国，主权不是一个可以讨论的问题，中国在这个问题上没有回旋余地；在香港驻军体现国家主权，是为了维护国家安全，防止动乱；如果特别行政区发生危害国家和香港根本利益的事情，中央政府就非干预不行。经过艰苦谈判，中英两国政府于1984年12月签署《中英联合声明》，确认中华人民共和国政府于1997年7月1日恢复对香港行使主权，英国政府同日将香港交还给中国，并对回归前的过渡期作出安排。在过渡期，中国政府依据宪法制定香港基本法，并采取有力措施，同违背基本法和危害国家安全的行为进行了有理有利有节的斗争。中国政府坚决反对在香港推进别有用心的“政制改革”，严格依照宪法和基本法组建香港特别行政区的政权机构，有条不紊完成筹建香港特别行政区工作。1997年7月1日，中国政府恢复对香港行使主权，香港特别行政区成立。中国政府的坚决斗争，为“一国两制”在香港的实践划出了安全底线。

To realize peaceful national reunification, in the early 1980s, the Chinese government proposed the unique policy of One Country, Two Systems and applied it in addressing the Hong Kong question. During negotiations with the British government, the Chinese government emphasized the following: The PRC holds the sovereignty of Hong Kong; the question of sovereignty was not open to discussion, with no room for compromise on the matter; and troops should be stationed in Hong Kong as a demonstration of China's sovereignty over the region, and to safeguard national security and prevent disturbances. Should events endangering the fundamental interests of Hong Kong and the country arise within the special administrative region, the central government would have no choice but to intervene.

The protracted negotiations with the UK eventually led to the signing of the Sino-British Joint Declaration by the Chinese and British governments in December 1984. The declaration confirmed that the government of the PRC would resume the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong effective July 1, 1997 and the British government would return Hong Kong to China on the same day. The document also outlined the steps to be taken during the transitional period prior to the return date.

During the transitional period, the Chinese government formulated the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region in accordance with China's Constitution, and took resolute, justifiable, yet restrained measures to combat acts violating the Basic Law and endangering national security, for the benefit of Hong Kong. It stood firmly against the "electoral reform" rolled out with ulterior motives, established the governance structure for the HKSAR in strict accordance with the Constitution and the Basic Law, and advanced the preparatory work for establishing the HKSAR in an orderly manner. 

On July 1, 1997, the Chinese government resumed the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong, and the HKSAR was established. Through resolute actions, the Chinese government provided security guarantees for the implementation of One Country, Two Systems in Hong Kong.

（二）香港基本法第23条立法长期是斗争焦点

2. The Protracted Fight Around the Local Legislation on National Security Required by Article 23 of the Basic Law

回归后，香港作为中华人民共和国的一个地方行政区域，必须尊重和维护国家的根本制度，切实维护国家安全。宪法和香港基本法对维护国家安全作出了宪制性安排。特别是基本法第23条规定，“香港特别行政区应自行立法禁止任何叛国、分裂国家、煽动叛乱、颠覆中央人民政府及窃取国家机密的行为，禁止外国的政治性组织或团体在香港特别行政区进行政治活动，禁止香港特别行政区的政治性组织或团体与外国的政治性组织或团体建立联系。”基本法第23条立法是“一国两制”下的特殊安排，既体现了国家对香港特别行政区的信任，也明确了香港特别行政区应当履行通过有关本地立法维护国家安全的宪制责任。

After its return, as a local administrative region of China, Hong Kong is obliged to honor and uphold the country's fundamental systems and take effective measures to safeguard China's national security. The Constitution and the Basic Law provide clear constitutional arrangements in this regard. 

Specifically, Article 23 of the Basic Law stipulates that "the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall enact laws on its own to prohibit any act of treason, secession, sedition, subversion against the central people's government, or theft of state secrets, to prohibit foreign political organizations or bodies from conducting political activities in the region, and to prohibit political organizations or bodies of the region from establishing ties with foreign political organizations or bodies." The legislation under Article 23 of the Basic Law is a special arrangement under the policy of One Country, Two Systems, reflecting the central authorities' trust in the HKSAR and stipulating that the region should fulfill its constitutional responsibility for safeguarding China's national security through local legislation.

受内外各种复杂因素影响，回归后很长一个时期香港特别行政区未能完成基本法第23条立法。2002年9月，特别行政区政府启动基本法第23条立法工作。反中乱港势力和外部敌对势力历来惧怕和反对这项立法，认为这项立法对他们进行反中乱港活动不利。他们为阻止立法通过，处心积虑进行破坏活动，并利用部分香港市民对香港经济社会发展中一些问题的不满情绪，以及非典疫情造成的冲击，极力进行煽动，污蔑基本法第23条立法“侵犯”人权自由，不断制造恐慌。2003年7月1日，香港爆发所谓反对基本法第23条立法大游行。随后，反中乱港势力借势向香港特别行政区政府施压，原来支持的部分立法会议员转而要求推迟立法，使得这项立法出现了更为复杂的局面。2003年9月，特别行政区政府撤回基本法第23条立法草案，此次立法被迫搁置。之后，在外部敌对势力的支持下，反中乱港势力竭力将基本法第23条立法污名化、妖魔化，使之长期成为困扰香港社会发展的“心魔”和“禁忌”。

However, internal and external complications stalled legislation under Article 23 of the Basic Law for an extended period after 1997. In September 2002, the HKSAR government started the legislative process required by Article 23 of the Basic Law. Anti-China agitators in Hong Kong and hostile external forces had long feared and opposed the legislation, regarding it as an obstacle to their seditious activities. To obstruct the legislative process, they attempted various subversive schemes, exploiting some residents' dissatisfaction with issues in economic and social development and the adverse impact of the onslaught of the SARS epidemic. They went to great lengths to swing sentiment and made false claims that the legislation under Article 23 violated human rights and freedoms, creating panic among the public. 

On July 1, 2003, marches opposing the legislation broke out in Hong Kong. Anti-China agitators seized the opportunity to pressure the HKSAR government. Some Legislative Council members who had originally supported the legislation had a change of heart and asked for a postponement, adding to the complexity surrounding the proposed legislation. In September 2003, the HKSAR government withdrew the draft of the Article 23 legislation, effectively postponing its enactment. Backed by hostile external forces, anti-China agitators spared no efforts in stigmatizing and demonizing the legislation, turning it into a taboo subject that haunted Hong Kong society.

由于基本法第23条立法不能及时完成，香港维护国家安全的法律制度存在严重漏洞，有关机构设置、力量配备、执法机制存在明显缺失，成为在维护国家安全上几乎“不设防”的地方，给反中乱港势力和外部敌对势力以可乘之机。他们变本加厉、肆无忌惮挑战“一国两制”原则底线，以“民主”“自由”“人权”的口号为掩护，通过特别行政区选举、议事等平台，冲击香港宪制秩序、破坏香港繁荣稳定，危害国家安全的活动愈演愈烈。2012年，反中乱港势力将特别行政区政府推进国民教育污蔑为“洗脑”教育，以发动游行、集会、联署、校内罢课等方式，掀起“反国教风波”，迫使特别行政区政府搁置有关国民教育课程指引。2014年，反中乱港势力发起长达79天的非法“占领中环”，破坏特别行政区政府正常运转，堵塞中环、金钟等主要路段，耽误紧急医疗救治，令香港法治、公共秩序、经济发展和市民生活遭受严重影响和破坏。2015年，香港立法会中的反中乱港议员否决特别行政区政府提出的2017年有关特别行政区行政长官产生办法的法案，令全国人大常委会关于香港特别行政区行政长官普选问题和2016年立法会产生办法的“8·31”决定无法在香港落地。2016年2月，反中乱港势力借口特别行政区政府有关部门规管旺角无照流动小商贩，煽动大批闹事者聚集，与警方发生暴力冲突，制造“旺角暴乱”，导致约100名警务人员受伤。同年3月，反中乱港分子公然成立“香港民族党”，鼓吹“港独”和“民族自决”，叫嚣“建立独立和自由的‘香港共和国’”。同年10月，在第六届立法会议员就职宣誓仪式上，少数候任议员故意违反宣誓要求，公开宣扬“港独”，侮辱国家和民族。面对这些风险挑战，中央政府坚定支持香港特别行政区行政长官和政府有效应对，依法处置非法“占领中环”、取缔“香港民族党”、取消宣扬“港独”的立法会议员资格等，保持香港社会大局稳定。

This delay in completing the legislation required by Article 23 of the Basic Law left significant loopholes in the region's system of laws on national security and resulted in serious deficiencies in institutional setup, staffing, and law enforcement mechanisms, rendering Hong Kong almost defenseless in terms of national security. Seizing this opportunity, agitators and external anti-China forces intensified their sabotage and openly challenged the One Country, Two Systems principle. Exploiting loopholes in the electoral and deliberative platforms, they ramped up their efforts to reject the constitutional order, undermine Hong Kong's prosperity and stability, and sabotage national security under the guise of defending democracy, freedom, and human rights. 

In 2012, the agitators smeared the national education initiative promoted by the HKSAR government as "brainwashing" and incited demonstrations, assemblies, joint signature campaigns, and student strikes that ultimately forced the government to shelve the national education guidelines. In 2014, they launched the illegal Occupy Central movement – a 79-day campaign that disrupted the operation of the HKSAR government, blocked the major roads in Central and Admiralty, and delayed emergency medical treatment – which severely undermined the rule of law, disrupted public order, hit the local economy hard, and plunged daily lives into chaos.

In 2015, anti-China agitators in the Legislative Council voted down the bill of the HKSAR government on the methods for electing the HKSAR chief executive for 2017, impeding the implementation of the August 31 Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPC) on the election of the chief executive by universal suffrage and the method for forming the Legislative Council of the HKSAR in the year 2016. In February 2016, during normal law enforcement actions against unlicensed hawkers in Mong Kok, agitators incited a large gathering that clashed with the police, which became known as the Mong Kok riot, resulting in injuries to approximately 100 police officers. 

In March of the same year, anti-China agitators founded the so-called Hong Kong National Party, openly advocating for "Hong Kong independence", "national self-determination" and the establishment of an "independent and free 'Republic of Hong Kong'". In October, while taking the oath of office, some members-elect of the Sixth Legislative Council intentionally violated protocol to advocate for "Hong Kong independence", insulting the country and the nation. 

In the face of these risks and challenges, the central government firmly supported the chief executive and the government of the HKSAR in responding effectively for ensuring Hong Kong's overall social stability. This included taking lawful action to address the illegal Occupy Central movement, banning the Hong Kong National Party, and revoking the membership of those advocating "Hong Kong independence" in the Legislative Council.

（三）“修例风波”对香港维护国家安全造成最严峻挑战

3. The 2019 Turmoil Posed the Greatest Challenge for Safeguarding National Security in Hong Kong

2019年，在外部敌对势力深度干预下，反中乱港势力借口反对特别行政区政府修订有关移交逃犯的条例，利用一些市民的不了解和疑虑，大肆散播各种危言耸听的言论，掀起旷日持久的“修例风波”，最终演变成港版“颜色革命”。“修例风波”期间，“港独”猖獗、“黑暴”肆虐、“揽炒”②横行，香港被破坏得面目全非、满目疮痍，严重危害国家安全，“一国两制”实践面临回归以来最严峻挑战。

In 2019, external anti-China forces intensified their meddling in Hong Kong affairs. Following the HKSAR government's proposed revision of regulations on the surrender of fugitive offenders, agitators in Hong Kong, under the pretext of opposing the revision, spread alarmist claims in society, exploiting local residents' concerns and limited knowledge about the proposal. These actions ultimately culminated in the prolonged turmoil of 2019 and an attempted color revolution in Hong Kong. During this period, extreme violence and mutually destructive incidents with secessionist aims were widespread, inflicting so much damage on Hong Kong that it became unrecognizable from devastation. They imperiled China's security and posed the greatest challenge for the One Country, Two Systems practice since the return of Hong Kong.

——反中乱港势力鼓吹“香港独立”、妄图分裂国家。他们拒不承认国家宪法对香港特别行政区的效力，抗拒中央对特别行政区的全面管治权，冲击特别行政区宪制秩序，大肆宣扬“民族自决”“光复香港、时代革命”，猖狂叫嚣“武装建国”“广场立宪”，不断进行分裂国家、破坏国家统一的活动，妄图把香港变成独立或半独立的政治实体。

– Advocating "Hong Kong independence" in an attempt to split the country, anti-China agitators in Hong Kong refused to recognize the legal authority of the Constitution over HKSAR and rejected the central authorities' overall jurisdiction, challenging and disrupting the constitutional order. They called for "national self-determination", "liberation of Hong Kong, revolution of our times", and clamored for "establishing a state by force" and "drafting a constitution in the streets". Through repeated secessionist activities aimed at undermining national unity, they sought, in futility, to turn Hong Kong into a de facto independent or semi-independent political entity.

——反中乱港势力挑战中央权威、危害国家政权。他们恶毒攻击中国共产党领导和国家的根本制度，公然侮辱甚至焚烧国旗，污损国徽和特别行政区区徽，暴力冲击中央驻港机构，围堵香港特别行政区政府总部，“攻占”特别行政区立法会大楼并公然撕毁基本法。他们妄图通过操纵香港选举获取立法会主导权，无差别否决政府议案，以瘫痪香港管治，进而引发宪制危机，最终实现颠覆国家政权的目的。

– Anti-China agitators challenged the authority of the central leadership and endangered state power. They launched vicious attacks against the CPC leadership and China's fundamental system. They engaged in provocative public acts, including insulting and burning the national flag and defacing the national emblem and the emblem of the HKSAR. They stormed the central government agencies in the HKSAR, besieged the HKSAR government headquarters, and forced entry into the Legislative Council Complex, where they destroyed facilities and copies of the Basic Law. They attempted in vain to take control of the Legislative Council by manipulating its elections, with the intent of vetoing any government bills to paralyze Hong Kong's governance and thus creating a constitutional crisis, to ultimately subvert state power.

——反中乱港势力实施暴力恐怖活动、破坏社会秩序。他们操纵舆论工具、煽动仇恨、鼓吹暴力、教唆裹挟青年学生从事违法活动，肆意破坏地铁、机场、巴士、交通信号灯等公共设施，在公共场合投掷燃烧瓶、汽油弹，暴力对抗警方执法，围堵警察总部，打砸中资银行以及与内地、特别行政区政府相关的企业，严重破坏社会秩序。香港经济受到严重伤害，百业萧条，市井惨淡，香港本地生产总值大幅下跌。市民正常生活受到严重影响，就业、就学、就医、出行遭遇极大冲击。香港对外交往受到严重干扰，投资和营商环境恶化，国际形象蒙尘。

– Anti-China agitators were perpetrators of violence and terrorism and disruptors of social order. Manipulating instruments of public opinion, they incited hatred and advocated violence, instigating young students and coercing them into illegal activities. They vandalized buses, traffic lights, and other public facilities; damaged property in subway stations and at the airport; hurled Molotov cocktails and petrol bombs in public spaces during violent confrontations against law enforcement; besieged the police headquarters; and attacked Chinese-funded banks and businesses associated with the Chinese mainland or the HKSAR government, severely disrupting social order. These acts took a heavy toll on Hong Kong's economy. Commercial activities grounded to a halt, and once-vibrant streets lost all vitality, leading to a sharp decline in Hong Kong's GDP. The daily lives of local residents were profoundly disrupted, with employment, schooling, medical care, and transportation severely impacted. Hong Kong's international interactions were greatly disturbed, and the region suffered a sharp decline in investment and business climate and a tarnished international image as a result.

——反中乱港势力践踏人权自由、破坏香港民主。他们对持不同意见者进行无差别攻击，非法禁锢、围攻虐打甚至泼油火烧，并将暴力魔爪伸向社区，严重侵犯市民生命财产安全；胁迫、恐吓、攻击参选人和选民，甚至公然刨掘议员祖坟，严重破坏选举公平；滥用立法会议事规则恶意阻挠立法会正常议事和运作，令许多涉及经济民生的重要议案无法理性讨论和通过，严重损害市民利益福祉。

– Anti-China agitators trampled on human rights and personal freedom and undermined democracy in Hong Kong. They attacked anyone who dared to question them, carrying out unlawful detentions, mob assaults, and beatings, and even setting victims on fire with gasoline. They perpetrated violence in communities and infringed the rights of residents to life and property. They disrupted the fair and orderly electoral processes by coercing, intimidating, and attacking candidates and voters, and went so far as to openly desecrate the family graves of a Legislative Council member. In addition, they abused the rules of the Legislative Council and engaged in deliberate disruption of the council's normal proceedings and operation, preventing the rational discussion and adoption of key bills bearing on the economy and people's lives, thereby inflicting severe harm on residents' interests and wellbeing.

——反中乱港势力勾结外部敌对势力、招徕外部干预。他们甘当外国政治代理人，频频窜访海外，为外国炮制涉港议题提供所谓证据材料，乞求对国家、对香港实施制裁，向外国建议制裁方法、提供制裁名单，声称“很想外国影响我们”“非常需要外国的势力让我们撑下去”，甚至宣称“为美国而战”。这是公然与国家、与香港为敌，罔顾国家、民族的根本利益，罔顾香港的根本利益。外部敌对势力为反中乱港势力撑腰打气，蓄意歪曲“一国两制”成功实践，以实施无理制裁等方式插手香港事务，粗暴干涉中国内政。

– Anti-China agitators colluded with hostile external forces, and solicited their interference. Acting as political agents for hostile foreign forces, they frequently travelled overseas to supply evidentiary material for the concoction of Hong Kong topics overseas, call for foreign sanctions on the Chinese mainland and Hong Kong and even suggest the method of sanction and provide a targeted list for sanction. They claimed that they "wish foreign countries to exert influence on us", that they "desperately need foreign forces to assist us to pull through", and they even pledged to "fight for the United States".

These acts constituted a direct challenge to Hong Kong and the rest of China, demonstrating flagrant disregard for the fundamental interests of the country and nation, including those of Hong Kong. By shoring up agitators in Hong Kong, external anti-China forces arbitrarily distorted the successful practice of One Country, Two Systems, meddled in Hong Kong affairs, and committed gross interference in China's internal affairs through the imposition of baseless sanctions.

反中乱港势力利用“修例风波”造成的混乱，在2019年11月举行的第六届区议会选举中攫取了多数议席，将区议会变成宣扬“港独”“黑暴”“揽炒”的平台。他们借势猖狂，进而提出“夺权三部曲”，妄图在控制区议会之后，接续控制立法会和行政长官选委会，最终左右行政长官选举、全面夺取香港管治权。

By exploiting the turmoil they had themselves created, anti-China agitators took a majority of seats in the elections for the sixth-term district councils in November 2019, turning the district councils into a platform for advocating secession, violence, and mutual destruction. Once entering the council, they unveiled a three-step plan to take full control of the Legislative Council and the Election Committee for electing the HKSAR chief executive, and manipulate the election of the chief executive, in a brazen attempt to seize overall power in Hong Kong.

反中乱港势力和外部敌对势力策动的这场港版“颜色革命”，严重挑战“一国两制”原则底线，严重损害香港宪制秩序和法治，严重危害国家主权、安全、发展利益，也愈加凸显香港特别行政区在维护国家安全方面存在法律漏洞和机制短板。虽然香港特别行政区政府努力止暴制乱、恢复秩序，但仅靠香港特别行政区的力量已无法有效控制局面、维护国家安全。中央政府必须采取措施，迅速构筑香港维护国家安全法律制度屏障，以有效化解国家安全面临的重大现实威胁。

The attempted color revolution plotted by Hong Kong agitators and the external anti-China forces posed a grave challenge to the One Country, Two Systems principle, severely undermined the constitutional order and rule of law in Hong Kong, and ultimately endangered China's sovereignty, security, and development interests. It also exposed the legal loopholes and institutional deficiencies in safeguarding China's national security in the HKSAR. 

Despite its best efforts to quell the riots and restore order, the HKSAR government could no longer effectively control the situation and safeguard China's national security on its own. The central government therefore had to act quickly to establish a legal shield to protect China's national security in Hong Kong in order to neutralize this major threat.

二、中央政府对香港有关的国家安全事务负有根本责任

II. The Central Government's Fundamental Responsibility for National Security Matters Concerning Hong Kong

面对香港“修例风波”动荡局面，中央审时度势、果断决策，建立健全特别行政区维护国家安全的法律制度和执行机制，完善香港特别行政区选举制度和地区治理，落实“爱国者治港”原则，一举扭转香港乱局，谱写香港维护国家安全新篇章。

In response to the 2019 turmoil in Hong Kong, the central government carefully assessed the situation and introduced a series of decisive measures, including reinforcing the legal framework and enforcement mechanisms for safeguarding national security in the HKSAR, improving the region's electoral system and governance, and implementing the principle of patriots administering Hong Kong. These measures effectively put an end to the chaos and ushered in a new period in safeguarding national security in the region.

（一）维护国家安全是中央事权

1. Safeguarding National Security Falls Within the Purview of the Central Government

中央政府对所属地方行政区域维护国家安全负有根本责任，宪法、香港基本法、香港驻军法、国家安全法对此作出了明确规定。宪法规定，国家维护社会秩序，镇压叛国和其他危害国家安全的犯罪活动；中华人民共和国的武装力量巩固国防，抵抗侵略，保卫祖国，保卫人民的和平劳动。香港基本法规定，中央政府负责管理与香港特别行政区有关的外交事务、负责管理香港特别行政区的防务等，决定香港特别行政区进入紧急状态，任命香港特别行政区行政长官和行政机关的主要官员，终审法院法官和高等法院首席法官的任命或免职须报全国人大常委会备案，等等。香港驻军法保障中央政府派驻香港特别行政区负责防务的军队依法履行职责，维护国家的主权、统一、领土完整和香港的安全。国家安全法规定了中央和国家机关维护国家安全的职责，也规定了香港特别行政区应当履行维护国家安全的责任。

The central government bears the fundamental responsibility for maintaining national security in all local administrative regions under its jurisdiction. This is clearly stipulated in the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, the Law of the People's Republic of China on Garrisoning the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, and the National Security Law of the People's Republic of China. 

The Constitution stipulates that the state shall maintain public order, suppress treason and other criminal activities that endanger national security; and that the armed forces of the PRC shall strengthen national defense, resist aggression, defend the motherland, and safeguard the people's peaceful work. According to the Basic Law of the HKSAR, the central government shall be responsible for the foreign affairs relating to and the defense of the HKSAR, and appoints the chief executive and the principal officials of the executive authorities of the HKSAR. The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress decides when the region is in a state of emergency, and the appointment or removal of judges of the Court of Final Appeal and the chief judge of the High Court must be reported to the NPC Standing Committee. 

The Law of the PRC on Garrisoning the HKSAR provides the legal basis for the armed forces stationed by the central government in the region to perform their defense functions and responsibilities in accordance with the law, and safeguard national sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity, and Hong Kong's security. The National Security Law defines the responsibilities of the central Party and government departments in safeguarding national security, and stipulates that the HKSAR shall fulfill the responsibility of safeguarding national security. 

中央立法维护国家安全是国际惯例，各国皆然。无论是单一制国家还是联邦制国家，均以国家层面立法的形式惩治危害国家安全的犯罪行为，维护国家整体安全。包括美国、英国、加拿大、澳大利亚等实行普通法的国家，也都制定了大量维护国家安全的成文法律，构建了涵盖立法、执法、检控、审判及罪犯改造等各个方面严密的国家安全法律制度体系，并根据国家安全形势的变化及时完善相关法律制度。在香港维护国家安全面临最严峻的挑战，且香港难以自行完成有关立法的情况下，中央行使宪制权力，从国家层面立法维护国家安全迫在眉睫、势在必行。

Central authorities enacting laws to safeguard national security is a common international practice without exception. Both unitary and federal systems have adopted national-level legislation to punish criminal acts that endanger national security and to maintain the country's overall security. States that practice the common law, including the US, the UK, Canada, and Australia, have formulated extensive statutory laws in this regard. They have established a comprehensive legal framework on national security encompassing legislation, law enforcement, prosecution, adjudication, and criminal rehabilitation. Moreover, these countries continuously refine their legal systems in response to evolving national security landscapes. When the HKSAR, confronted with the most severe challenge to national security, found it unable to enact relevant legislation on its own, the central government's exercise of its constitutional power to legislate for national security at the state level became both imperative and urgent.

（二）出台香港国安法“一法安香江”

2. The Enactment of the Hong Kong National Security Law Restored Order in the Region

针对“修例风波”发生后香港日益恶化的安全形势，2019年10月，中共十九届四中全会作出“建立健全特别行政区维护国家安全的法律制度和执行机制，支持特别行政区强化执法力量”“坚决防范和遏制外部势力干预港澳事务和进行分裂、颠覆、渗透、破坏活动”等重大部署。

To end the deteriorating security situation following the 2019 turmoil in Hong Kong, the Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee in October 2019 made a series of major decisions, including: establishing and reinforcing the legal system and enforcement mechanisms for safeguarding national security in the special administrative regions; supporting the SARs in strengthening their law enforcement capabilities; and taking resolute action to prevent and stop external forces from interfering in the affairs of Hong Kong and Macao and engaging in separatist, subversive, infiltrative, and sabotaging activities.

2020年，中央通过“决定+立法”的方式，即由全国人大作出决定，并由全国人大常委会立法，在宪法和基本法的轨道上推进维护国家安全制度机制建设，终结香港维护国家安全长期“不设防”的历史。5月28日，十三届全国人大三次会议通过《全国人民代表大会关于建立健全香港特别行政区维护国家安全的法律制度和执行机制的决定》（以下简称“全国人大‘5·28’决定”），明确了从国家层面建立健全有关法律制度和执行机制的总体要求和基本原则，授权全国人大常委会制定相关法律，防范、制止和惩治有关危害国家安全的行为以及外国和境外势力干预香港特别行政区事务的活动。6月30日，十三届全国人大常委会第二十次会议全票通过《中华人民共和国香港特别行政区维护国家安全法》（以下简称“香港国安法”），并决定将该法列入基本法附件三，由香港特别行政区在当地公布实施。这部法律充分反映了包括香港同胞在内的全体中国人民的共同心声，代表了不可撼动的国家意志。

In 2020, with an NPC decision and follow-up legislation by its Standing Committee, the central authorities improved the systems and mechanisms for maintaining national security within the framework of the Constitution and the Basic Law, ending the prolonged absence of a national security shield in Hong Kong.

On May 28, the Third Session of the 13th NPC adopted the Decision of the National People's Congress on Establishing and Improving the Legal System and Enforcement Mechanisms for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region to Safeguard National Security (NPC's May 28 Decision), which specifies the overall requirements and basic principles on the matter at the state level. The NPC Standing Committee was entrusted with formulating relevant laws to prevent, halt, and punish acts that jeopardize national security and activities of foreign or external forces that interfere in the affairs of the HKSAR. 

On June 30, the 20th Session of the 13th NPC Standing Committee unanimously passed the Law of the People's Republic of China on Safeguarding National Security in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (Hong Kong National Security Law), and decided to include it in Annex III of the Basic Law for implementation in the HKSAR following its promulgation. The Hong Kong National Security Law fully reflects the common aspirations of all Chinese people, including their compatriots in Hong Kong, and demonstrates the unshakable will of the state.

香港国安法的立法宗旨是坚定不移并全面准确贯彻“一国两制”、“港人治港”、高度自治的方针，维护国家安全，防范、制止和惩治与香港特别行政区有关的危害国家安全犯罪，保持香港特别行政区的繁荣和稳定，保障香港特别行政区居民的合法权益。主要内容有：第一，规定中央政府维护国家安全的根本责任和香港特别行政区维护国家安全的宪制责任，要求香港特别行政区尽早完成基本法规定的维护国家安全立法。第二，规定香港特别行政区维护国家安全应当遵循法治和保障人权原则，包括罪刑法定、无罪推定、保障诉讼权利、一事不再理等。第三，规定香港特别行政区维护国家安全的机构设置及其职责。第四，规定分裂国家、颠覆国家政权、恐怖活动、勾结外国或者境外势力危害国家安全四类罪行和相应处罚。第五，规定案件管辖、法律适用和程序。第六，规定中央人民政府驻香港特别行政区维护国家安全机构的设置及其职责，以及在特定情况下管辖危害国家安全犯罪案件的情形和程序。

The legislative purpose of the Hong Kong National Security Law includes fully, faithfully, and resolutely implementing the policy of One Country, Two Systems, under which the people of Hong Kong administer Hong Kong with a high degree of autonomy; safeguarding national security and preventing, halting, and punishing crimes relating to the HKSAR that jeopardize national security; and maintaining the region's prosperity and stability while protecting residents' legitimate rights and interests. 

The Law stipulates the following:

• First, the central government bears the fundamental responsibility for maintaining national security in the HKSAR, while the HKSAR bears the constitutional responsibility for safeguarding national security. The HKSAR shall complete, as early as possible, legislation for safeguarding national security as stipulated in the Basic Law;

• Second, in safeguarding national security, the HKSAR shall uphold the principle of the rule of law and protect human rights. This entails adherence to legal principles such as legality, the presumption of innocence, protection of the right to litigation, and double jeopardy;

• Third, the establishment of HKSAR government bodies responsible for safeguarding national security and their duties;

• Fourth, the four categories of offenses related to national security, namely secession, subversion, terrorist activities, and collusion with a foreign country or with external elements to endanger national security – and the corresponding penalties;

• Fifth, jurisdiction, applicable law, and procedure;

• Sixth, the establishment of the Office for Safeguarding National Security of the Central People's Government in the HKSAR, defining of its duties, and the circumstances under which the Office shall exercise jurisdiction over criminal cases that endanger national security and the procedures in such cases.

香港国安法创造性地建立了中央和特别行政区层面维护国家安全的执行机制。根据香港国安法的规定，2020年7月3日，香港特别行政区成立由行政长官担任主席的维护国家安全委员会，承担维护国家安全的主要责任，并接受中央人民政府的监督和问责。中央人民政府指派国家安全事务顾问，就特别行政区维护国家安全委员会履行职责提供意见。香港特别行政区政府警务处设立维护国家安全的部门，律政司设立国家安全犯罪案件检控部门，行政长官指定法官处理危害国家安全犯罪案件。2020年7月8日，中央人民政府驻香港特别行政区维护国家安全公署依法成立，依法履行维护国家安全职责，行使相关权力。2022年12月30日，针对香港国安法实施中出现的新情况，十三届全国人大常委会第三十八次会议对香港国安法第十四条和第四十七条作出解释，阐明有关条款的含义，进一步明确香港特别行政区维护国家安全委员会在涉及国家安全问题上的判断权、决定权，强调其决定具有可执行的法律效力，规范了特别行政区层面解决香港国安法实施中相关问题的方式和路径。

The Hong Kong National Security Law introduced innovative enforcement mechanisms for safeguarding national security at both central and HKSAR levels. According to its provisions, the Committee for Safeguarding National Security of the HKSAR was established on July 3, 2020, with the chief executive as the chair. It would assume primary responsibility for safeguarding national security in the region, and would be under the supervision of and accountable to the central people's government, with a national security adviser designated by the central people's government providing advice on matters relating to the duties and functions of the Committee. The Police Force of the HKSAR would establish a department for safeguarding national security, and the Department of Justice of the HKSAR would have a prosecution division responsible for prosecuting offenses that endanger national security. The chief executive would designate judges to handle cases concerning offenses that endanger national security.

On July 8, 2020, the Office for Safeguarding National Security of the Central People's Government in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region was established in accordance with the law, bearing the responsibility for safeguarding national security and given a mandate to exercise relevant powers. 

On December 30, 2022, to address new issues arising from the implementation of the Hong Kong National Security Law, the 13th NPC Standing Committee issued an interpretation of the Articles 14 and 47 of the Hong Kong National Security Law at its 38th session, clarifying the meaning of relevant provisions. The interpretation further clarified the authority of the Committee for Safeguarding National Security of the HKSAR in making judgments and decisions on matters concerning national security, emphasizing that its decisions have enforceable legal effect and standardizing the methods and pathways for addressing issues in applying the Hong Kong National Security Law at the regional level.

香港国安法是针对“一国两制”实践中出现的国家安全突出问题，为防范国家安全风险而制定的，捍卫“一国两制”，维护香港的繁荣稳定，为香港好、为广大香港居民好。香港国安法的制度设计充分体现了坚守“一国”之本、尊重“两制”差异的立法精神。香港国安法明确中央政府对特别行政区有关的国家安全事务负有根本责任，规定特别行政区承担维护国家安全的宪制责任，授权特别行政区对绝大部分危害国家安全犯罪案件行使管辖权，体现了对特别行政区高度信任，这在其他主权国家极为罕见。香港国安法的制定实施，坚持和完善了“一国两制”，各种攻击香港国安法所谓改变“一国两制”的说辞，完全违背事实和真相。

The Hong Kong National Security Law was enacted to address prominent issues related to national security in the implementation of One Country, Two Systems and prevent national security risks. The ultimate purpose of the law is to uphold the One Country, Two Systems principle, maintain prosperity and stability in Hong Kong, and serve the best interest of Hong Kong and its residents. Its design fully reflects the legislative principle of adhering to the foundation of one country while respecting the differences between the two systems. The Law clearly affirms that the central government has an overarching responsibility for national security affairs relating to the HKSAR, stipulates that the HKSAR has a constitutional duty to safeguard national security, and mandates the HKSAR government to exercise jurisdiction over the vast majority of criminal cases concerning offenses that endanger national security. This demonstrates the central authorities' great trust in the region, which is an exceptional practice rarely seen among other sovereign states. The formulation and enforcement of the Law represent a steadfast commitment to, and improvement of, the One Country, Two Systems policy. Any allegation that the Law runs counter to this policy is entirely unfounded and divorced from reality.

香港国安法既妥善处理了同香港基本法的关系，也妥善处理了同香港本地法律的关系。一方面，香港国安法是全国人大常委会根据宪法、基本法和全国人大“5·28”决定而制定的一部全国性法律，是在“一国两制”框架下对基本法建构的维护国家安全制度机制的补充完善和具体化。香港国安法同香港基本法一道，共同构成了香港特别行政区维护国家安全的重要法律基础。另一方面，香港国安法作为香港特别行政区维护国家安全方面的专门法律，妥善处理了与香港本地法律的关系。香港国安法充分兼顾香港法律体系和司法制度的特点，在法律概念、规范结构、用词用语等方面实现了与香港本地法律的兼容、衔接、互补。

The Hong Kong National Security Law appropriately handles its relationship with the Basic Law and Hong Kong's local laws. Formulated by the NPC Standing Committee in accordance with the Constitution, the Basic Law, and the NPC's May 28 Decision, this national legislation supplements and provides detailed stipulations for the national security systems and mechanisms established by the Basic Law under the One Country, Two Systems framework. Together, the Hong Kong National Security Law and the Basic Law constitute a significant legal foundation for the HKSAR to safeguard national security.

At the same time, the Law, as a specialized legislation for safeguarding national security in the HKSAR, appropriately addresses its relationship with local laws in Hong Kong and fully takes into account the characteristics of Hong Kong's legal and judicial systems. It is compatible and harmonized with, and complementary to, local laws in terms of legal concepts, normative structures, and terminology. 

香港国安法横跨普通法、大陆法两大法系，兼具实体法、程序法、组织法等法律规范，既尊重了香港的普通法传统，又为不同法律体系的交流互鉴、共同发展提供了有益借鉴。有了香港国安法，反中乱港势力和外部敌对势力的嚣张气焰受到沉重打击，香港选举制度和区议会等地区治理制度得以系统性重塑，“爱国者治港”原则得到全面落实。香港国安法“一法安香江”，成为香港由乱到治的“分水岭”，开启了“一国两制”实践的新征程。

The Hong Kong National Security Law draws upon common law and continental law and integrates legal norms from substantive, procedural, and organic laws. While respecting Hong Kong's common law practices, it sets a valuable example for the exchange, mutual learning, and common development between different legal systems. The Law has dealt a heavy blow to anti-China agitators and hostile external forces. The electoral system and local governance institutions including district councils have been systematically reshaped, and the principle of patriots administering Hong Kong has been fully applied. The Hong Kong National Security Law has brought stability to Hong Kong in a decisive move, marking a watershed in the region's transition from chaos to order and leading the way to a new journey in the practice of One Country, Two Systems.

（三）完善香港选举制度，守牢特别行政区管治权

3. Improving Electoral System to Secure the Administration of the HKSAR

选举制度事关国家政权安全，必须确保选举出来的管治者都是爱国者。世界上没有一个国家、一个地区的人民会允许不爱国甚至卖国、叛国的势力和人物掌握政权。把香港特别行政区管治权牢牢掌握在爱国者手中，这是保证香港长治久安的必然要求，任何时候都不能动摇。守护好管治权，就是守护香港繁荣稳定，维护750万香港居民的切身利益。

The electoral system has a critical bearing on the security of state power, and it is imperative that all elected officials be patriots. No people in any country or region in the world would ever allow an unpatriotic – or worse, a treasonous – force and figure to hold power. The power of government in the HKSAR must be firmly kept in the hands of those who love the country. This is crucial for Hong Kong's lasting peace and stability, and must not be compromised under any circumstances. Ensuring that governing power rests with the right people safeguards not only Hong Kong's prosperity and stability, but also the vital interests of its 7.5 million residents.

为全面落实“爱国者治港”原则，从法律上堵死反中乱港势力循选举进入特别行政区管治架构的通道，守牢特别行政区政权安全，中央通过“决定+修法”的方式，即由全国人大作出决定，并由全国人大常委会修改基本法附件一和附件二，从国家层面完善香港选举制度。2021年3月11日，十三届全国人大四次会议通过《全国人民代表大会关于完善香港特别行政区选举制度的决定》，明确完善选举制度应当遵循的基本原则和核心要素，授权全国人大常委会修改香港基本法附件一和附件二。2021年3月30日，十三届全国人大常委会第二十七次会议通过新修订的基本法附件一《香港特别行政区行政长官的产生办法》和附件二《香港特别行政区立法会的产生办法和表决程序》。2021年5月27日，香港特别行政区立法会通过《2021年完善选举制度（综合修订）条例》，完成选举制度本地立法工作。

To uphold the principle of patriots administering Hong Kong, legally cut off the channels anti-China agitators could exploit to enter the governance structures through elections, and safeguard political security in the HKSAR, the central government adopted the approach of "decision + amendment", whereby the NPC made the decision and its Standing Committee amended Annex I and Annex II of the Basic Law, refining Hong Kong's electoral system at the state level. 

On March 11, 2021, the Fourth Session of the 13th NPC adopted the Decision on Improving the Electoral System of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, which defines the basic principles and core elements for improving Hong Kong's electoral system and authorizes the NPC Standing Committee to amend Annex I and Annex II of the Basic Law. On March 30, at its 27th session, the 13th NPC Standing Committee passed the amended Annex I "Method for the Selection of the Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region" and Annex II "Method for the Formation of the Legislative Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Its Voting Procedures". On May 27, the HKSAR Legislative Council passed the Improving Electoral System (Consolidated Amendments) Bill 2021, completing the local legislative work on the electoral system. 

完善后的选举制度重点包括重新构建香港特别行政区选举委员会，扩大规模、增加界别、优化分组、完善职能；立法会议员总数由70人增至90人；设立候选人资格审查委员会等。香港选举制度经过此次完善，修补了原有选举制度的漏洞和缺陷，筑牢了维护政权安全的篱笆，将反中乱港势力排除出香港特别行政区管治架构，确保香港管治权牢牢掌握在爱国者手中。新的选举制度，强化了行政和立法之间的有效配合，减少了政治争拗和对抗的干扰，让特别行政区政府和社会各界集中精力发展经济、改善民生，致力于破解香港长期存在的深层次矛盾和问题，实实在在地增进广大市民的利益福祉。实践证明，新选举制度符合“一国两制”原则，符合香港实际，为确保“一国两制”实践行稳致远、确保香港长期繁荣稳定提供了制度支撑，是一套好制度。

The improvements mainly covered three areas. First, the Election Committee was restructured: its membership was enlarged, the number of sectors was increased, the delimitation of sectors was improved, and its functions were enhanced. Second, the membership of the Legislative Council was expanded from 70 to 90. Third, a Candidate Eligibility Review Committee was established. Through these improvements, the loopholes and deficiencies in the previous electoral system have been remedied, the shield for political security fortified, and anti-China agitators expulsed from the governance structure of the HKSAR, ensuring that Hong Kong is administered by patriots.

The new electoral system strengthens effective cooperation between the executive and legislative branches and reduces interference arising from political disputes and confrontation, enabling the HKSAR government and all sectors of society to focus on economic development and improving people's lives. It is dedicated to addressing Hong Kong's long-standing and deep-seated problems and challenges while delivering tangible benefits to the residents. Practice has shown that the new electoral system conforms to the principle of One Country, Two Systems and Hong Kong's realities. It is a carefully designed system that provides institutional support for the steady and sustained development of the One Country, Two Systems policy and long-term prosperity and stability in the region.

中央采取制定实施香港国安法、完善香港选举制度等一系列标本兼治的举措，有效维护了国家安全，有力维护了香港特别行政区宪制秩序，沉重打击了反中乱港势力，对香港迅速止暴制乱、实现由乱到治的历史性转折发挥了决定性作用，在“一国两制”实践进程中具有重要的里程碑意义。

The formulation and implementation of the Hong Kong National Security Law, improvements to Hong Kong's electoral system, and other measures taken by the central government have effectively addressed both the symptoms and root causes of problems in Hong Kong, safeguarding national security and the region's constitutional order while suppressing destabilizing forces. They have been instrumental in swiftly quelling riots and restoring order in Hong Kong and represent a milestone in advancing the cause of One Country, Two Systems.

三、香港特别行政区切实履行维护国家安全的宪制责任

III. The HKSAR's Achievements in Fulfilling Its Constitutional Responsibility for Safeguarding National Security

香港特别行政区是中华人民共和国不可分离的部分，是直辖于中央人民政府的一个地方行政区域，应当履行维护国家安全的宪制责任。香港国安法公布实施以来，香港特别行政区行政长官和政府敢于担当、善作善成，行政、立法、司法机关各司其职，积极防范、制止和惩治危害国家安全的行为和活动，进一步筑牢香港维护国家安全的屏障。

The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region is an inseparable part of the People's Republic of China. As a local administrative region directly under the central people's government, the HKSAR shall fulfill its constitutional responsibility for safeguarding national security. Since the promulgation and implementation of the Hong Kong National Security Law, the chief executive and the HKSAR government have taken on their responsibilities and striven to deliver solid results in ensuring the law's application. Hong Kong's executive, legislative, and judicial branches have performed their respective functions to actively prevent, halt, and punish all acts and activities that endanger national security, thereby further strengthening the national security shield.

（一）历史性完成香港基本法第23条立法

1. Completing Legislation Under Article 23 of the Basic Law

完成基本法第23条立法，是包括香港同胞在内的全国人民期盼已久的共同愿望。香港社会也普遍认为这一立法“欠账太久”，呼吁尽快完成。制定实施香港国安法，全面落实“爱国者治港”原则，为香港特别行政区完成基本法第23条立法创造了条件。2024年1月，特别行政区政府启动立法工作。立法会依照法定程序逐条审议法案。2024年3月19日，立法会全票通过《维护国家安全条例》（以下简称“香港国安条例”），并于3月23日正式刊宪生效。香港特别行政区终于履行了长期未完成的宪制责任。

Completing legislation as required by Article 23 of the Basic Law had been a long-held hope of the Chinese people, including their compatriots in Hong Kong. Across Hong Kong, this legislation was widely seen as long overdue, and calls for its enactment were widespread. The enactment and application of the Hong Kong National Security Law and full implementation of the principle of patriots administering Hong Kong created the right conditions for this to be achieved. 

In January 2024, the HKSAR government initiated the legislative process, and the Legislative Council then deliberated on the draft ordinance, clause by clause, in accordance with the procedures prescribed by law. On March 19, 2024, it unanimously passed the Safeguarding National Security Ordinance (SNSO), which was gazetted on March 23 and took effect on the same day. This marked that the HKSAR had finally fulfilled its long-overdue constitutional responsibility.

香港国安条例全面落实香港基本法、全国人大“5·28”决定及香港国安法所规定的宪制责任和义务，补上了香港本地维护国家安全制度机制的漏洞和短板。香港国安条例同香港国安法有机衔接，写入维护国家主权、安全、发展利益是“一国两制”方针的最高原则，全面体现了“一国”精神。该立法对基本法第23条规定的危害国家安全的行为和活动作出规管，并根据香港维护国家安全的实际需要完善了相关制度机制，使香港特别行政区能够全面有效防范、制止和惩治危害国家安全的行为和活动。香港国安条例明确将尊重和保障人权作为重要原则，保护香港居民根据基本法和《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》《经济、社会与文化权利国际公约》适用于特别行政区的有关规定享有的言论、新闻、出版的自由，结社、集会、游行、示威的自由。香港国安条例采用普通法制度下常用的法律草拟方式和习惯订立，充分吸收香港本地现行法律规定，并积极借鉴其他国家特别是普通法国家同类立法最新成果和有益经验，与国际通行做法及规则相接轨。香港国安条例既是保安全之法，也是促发展之法，明确规定确保特别行政区内的财产和投资受法律保护，保持香港的繁荣和稳定，为香港营造了更稳定和更可预期的营商和发展环境。

With the SNSO's promulgation, which has closed loopholes and strengthened weak areas in Hong Kong's local system and mechanisms for safeguarding national security, the HKSAR has comprehensively fulfilled its constitutional duties and obligations stipulated in the Basic Law, the May 28 Decision, and the Hong Kong National Security Law. 

The SNSO aligns with the Hong Kong National Security Law, stipulating that the highest principle of the One Country, Two Systems policy is to safeguard national sovereignty, security, and development interests, thereby fully reflecting the primacy of the one country principle. It prohibits acts and activities endangering national security specified in Article 23 of the Basic Law and improves relevant systems and mechanisms in accordance with Hong Kong's practical needs for safeguarding national security, enabling the HKSAR to comprehensively prevent, halt, and punish such acts and activities in an effective manner.

The SNSO clearly establishes that it is founded on the key principle of respecting and protecting human rights. The freedoms of speech, of the press, of publication, of association, of assembly, of procession, and of demonstration, enjoyed by Hong Kong residents under the Basic Law, the provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights as applied to the HKSAR, are protected accordingly.

Drafted in accordance with common law legislative procedures and practices, the SNSO fully incorporates existing local legal provisions and draws upon the latest achievements and experiences from comparative legislation in other countries, particularly common law countries. This approach ensures that the Ordinance aligns with internationally recognized practices and standards.

As a law for both safeguarding security and promoting development, the SNSO explicitly provides for the protection of property and investments within the HKSAR. It serves to maintain Hong Kong's prosperity and stability and fosters a more stable and predictable business and development environment for the region.

（二）持续完善香港本地维护国家安全的法律制度

2. Continuously Improving Hong Kong's Legal System for Safeguarding National Security

香港特别行政区依据香港国安法、香港国安条例，根据实际需要制定、修改、完善有关本地法律，为维护国家安全提供更具体、更完备的制度保障。比如，2020年，行政长官会同特区国安委根据香港国安法第四十三条授权，制定中华人民共和国香港特别行政区维护国家安全法第四十三条实施细则，详细列明执行各项措施的程序要求、所需符合的情况和审批的条件等，为特别行政区维护国家安全部门有效执行香港国安法提供依据。2023年，香港特别行政区立法会根据全国人大常委会关于香港国安法第十四条和第四十七条的解释，修订《法律执业者条例》，在保留原有海外律师专案认许制度的前提下，明确不具有本地执业资格的海外律师代理国家安全案件的条件和程序，有效化解了无香港本地执业资格的海外律师代理国安案件引发的国家安全风险。针对区议会曾一度成为煽动“港独”“黑暴”“揽炒”的平台，香港特别行政区立法会通过《2023年区议会（修订）条例》，使区议会回到基本法规定的非政权性区域组织的正确轨道，强化其咨询和服务功能，并明确区议员不得从事危害国家安全的行为，进一步落实“爱国者治港”原则。2025年，香港特别行政区政府根据香港国安条例，通过《维护国家安全（中央人民政府驻香港特别行政区维护国家安全公署）规例》《维护国家安全（禁地宣布）令》两项附属法例，为驻港国家安全公署依法有效履行职责夯实基础。

In accordance with the Hong Kong National Security Law and the Safeguarding National Security Ordinance, the HKSAR has enacted, revised, and refined relevant local laws based on actual needs, providing a more concrete and complete institutional guarantee for safeguarding national security.

For example, in 2020, under Article 43 of the Hong Kong National Security Law, the Hong Kong Chief Executive and the Committee for Safeguarding National Security of the HKSAR introduced the Implementation Rules for Article 43 of the Law of the People's Republic of China on Safeguarding National Security in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, which set out in detail the procedures, applicable circumstances and conditions for approval for all measures. This provides a legal basis for the HKSAR authorities responsible for safeguarding national security to effectively enforce the Hong Kong National Security Law.

In 2023, in accordance with the NPC Standing Committee's interpretation of Articles 14 and 47 of the Hong Kong National Security Law, the Legislative Council of the HKSAR amended the Legal Practitioners Ordinance. While maintaining the existing case-by-case mechanism for admitting overseas lawyers to represent parties in cases, the amendments clarified the conditions and procedures for the admission of overseas lawyers without local practicing qualifications in cases concerning national security. This has effectively forestalled national security risks associated with such legal representation in these cases. District councils were once turned into platforms for inciting "Hong Kong independence", violence, and mutual destruction. To address this problem, in the same year, the Legislative Council also enacted the District Councils (Amendment) Ordinance 2023, which has restored district councils to their prescribed role under the Basic Law as regional bodies without political power, reinforcing their consultative and service functions and explicitly barring district council members from engaging in acts that endanger national security. These measures have further reinforced the principle of patriots administering Hong Kong.

In 2025, the HKSAR government adopted two pieces of subsidiary legislation under the SNSO: the Safeguarding National Security (Office for Safeguarding National Security of the Central People's Government in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region) Regulation and the Safeguarding National Security (Declaration of Prohibited Places) Order, thereby laying a solid foundation for the Office for Safeguarding National Security of the Central People's Government in the HKSAR to lawfully and effectively perform its functions and duties. 

（三）有力开展维护国家安全执法和司法

3. Taking Strong Law Enforcement and Judicial Actions to Safeguard National Security

香港特别行政区维护国家安全委员会切实承担维护国家安全的主要责任，加强统筹协调。香港特别行政区执法、检控、司法部门无畏无惧、恪尽职守，依据香港国安法、香港国安条例等法律有效维护国家安全，捍卫公平正义。

The Committee for Safeguarding National Security of the HKSAR has effectively fulfilled its primary responsibility for maintaining national security. Under its coordination, the HKSAR's law enforcement, prosecution, and judicial bodies perform their duties scrupulously without fear, effectively safeguarding national security and upholding fairness and justice in accordance with the Hong Kong National Security Law, the SNSO, and other relevant legislation. Their achievements include the following: 

——依法打击危害国家安全犯罪。截至2026年1月，依据香港国安法，共有98人被检控、78人被定罪。针对逃窜海外后继续公然违反香港国安法、香港国安条例的反中乱港分子，香港警务处国安处依法通缉，并采取指明潜逃者惩罚措施。这是维护香港法治的正义之举，是捍卫国家主权安全的必要之举，是保障香港长治久安的正当之举，符合国际法及国际通行惯例。众多国家的维护国家安全法律都具有域外效力，香港特别行政区通缉海外危害国家安全犯罪分子的做法，借鉴了有关国家的法律和实践，但更加理性、克制，符合香港社会实际。

– Cracking down on crimes endangering national security in accordance with the law. As of January 2026, 98 individuals were prosecuted under the Hong Kong National Security Law, of whom 78 were convicted.

As for the anti-China agitators who have continued to openly violate the Hong Kong National Security Law and the SNSO after fleeing overseas, the National Security Department of the Hong Kong Police Force has issued most wanted fugitives and specified concrete measures targeting these fugitives. This is a just decision – necessary for upholding the rule of law in Hong Kong, for safeguarding China's sovereignty and security, and for ensuring the region's long-term peace and stability. It is consistent with international law and internationally accepted practice. Drawing reference from the laws and practices of numerous countries where national security laws have extraterritorial effect, the HKSAR's issuing of wanted notices for overseas fugitives who pose dangers to national security has been a fairly rational and restrained act that is tailored to the realities of Hong Kong society.

——司法机关公正审理危害国家安全案件。香港国安法公布实施5年多来，香港特别行政区法院审理了一系列危害国家安全犯罪案件，反中乱港分子被依法定罪判刑。2025年12月15日，香港高等法院就黎智英涉嫌违反香港国安法和本地有关法律案件作出裁决，黎智英两项串谋勾结外国势力罪及一项串谋发布煽动刊物罪成立。香港特别行政区法院准确适用香港国安法及本地维护国家安全法例，形成维护国家安全的判决。香港特别行政区法院确认，任何人行使权利和自由时，不得拒绝承认香港是中华人民共和国不可分离的部分，法治社会中的个人自由和权利不是无止境、不是绝对的，否则滥用时的破坏力及颠覆性不言而喻；香港国安法与本地法例之间是兼容、衔接和互补关系。在保障庭审公正性和被告人诉讼权利方面，法院确认指定法官制度不影响依法独立行使审判权，不设陪审团不影响被告人的诉讼权利，有关判词指出：设立指定法官的制度有助于提高审讯效率及一致性，法官履行职责时受司法誓言约束，须严格依法履行其职能，并须完全不受政府的任何干涉或影响，举证责任、举证准则、无罪推定、缄默权和公正审判的权利等相关法律权利仍适用，就如高等法院原讼法庭在设有陪审团的情况下审理任何刑事案件一样。

– Judicial departments adjudicating impartially cases that endanger national security. Since the promulgation and implementation of the Hong Kong National Security Law over five years ago, the courts of the HKSAR have adjudicated a series of criminal cases involving acts endangering national security. Anti-China agitators who sought to destabilize Hong Kong have been convicted and put in jail in accordance with the law. On December 15, 2025, the High Court of the HKSAR delivered its verdict in the case of Lai Chee-ying, who had been alleged of violating the Hong Kong National Security Law and local laws. The Court found him guilty of two counts of conspiracy to collude with foreign forces and one count of conspiracy to publish seditious publications.

The courts of the HKSAR have accurately applied the Hong Kong National Security Law and relevant local legislation in delivering verdicts that uphold national security. The courts have confirmed that, when individuals exercise their rights and freedom, they shall not refuse to recognize that Hong Kong is an inalienable part of the PRC. They have emphasized that freedoms and rights of individuals in a society underpinned by the rule of law are neither infinite nor absolute. Otherwise, if abused, their destructive and disruptive force would be self-evident. They also confirm that the National Security Law seeks compatibility, alignment and complementarity with local laws. 

In guaranteeing the fairness of trials and the procedural rights of the accused, the courts have confirmed that designated judges do not compromise the independent exercise of the power of adjudication and that the absence of a jury does not affect the defendant's procedural rights. The judgment states: The courts have noted that the establishment of a list of designated judges is conducive to improving the efficiency and consistency of trials. Judges are duty-bound by the judicial oath to discharge their functions strictly in accordance with the law, and must remain completely free from any interference by, or influence of, the government. Fundamental legal principles, such as burden of proof, standard of proof, presumption of innocence, right of silence, and right to a fair trial, apply in these cases as much as they apply in any criminal case tried in the Court of First Instance with a jury.

——保障在囚人员各项权利。香港特别行政区政府为所有在囚人员提供安全、人道、合适和健康的羁管环境，保障基本医疗服务、心理辅导和宗教服务。特别行政区政府根据《监管释囚条例》及《监狱规则》，逐一审视触犯危害国家安全罪行的在囚人士是否符合减刑或提早释放条件并作出安排。有囚犯因在狱中积极悔过、表现良好，被研判不再具有危害国家安全的风险，获准提早释放，体现了香港国安法律宽严相济的刑事司法理念和对人权的尊重保护。

– Safeguarding the rights of prisoners. The HKSAR government provides a secure, humane, appropriate, and healthy custodial environment for all prisoners, guaranteeing their access to essential medical services, mental health counseling, and religious services. In accordance with the Post-Release Supervision of Prisoners Ordinance and the Prison Rules, the HKSAR government conducts case-by-case reviews to assess whether individuals imprisoned for offenses endangering national security meet the criteria for remission of sentence or early release, and then makes corresponding arrangements. A prisoner was granted early release after being assessed as posing no further risk to national security on the grounds of genuine remorse and good conduct in prison. This case illustrated the application of the criminal justice principle of severity tempered by leniency under Hong Kong's national security legal framework, as well as the commitment to respecting and protecting human rights.

（四）扎实推进国家安全宣传教育

4. Making Solid Progress in Advancing Public Education and Awareness on National Security

国家安全犹如空气、阳光，受益而不觉，失之则难存。维护国家安全没有“局外人”，人人都是国家安全的持份者、受益人，也是国家安全的守护者、责任人。香港特别行政区政府持续加强宣传教育，不断增强香港居民国家安全意识。

Like air and sunshine, national security is often taken for granted, yet cannot be lived without. Safeguarding national security is a responsibility shared by all members of society; everyone is a stakeholder and beneficiary, and no one can be a mere spectator. Acting on this belief, the HKSAR government has continued to strengthen public education to enhance residents' awareness of national security. This has been achieved through the following:

——打造全民国家安全教育品牌活动。香港特别行政区连续举办“4·15全民国家安全教育日”活动，采取开幕典礼、主题讲座、纪律部队开放日等多种形式宣介国家安全。香港特别行政区多次举办“香港国安法法律论坛”，举办“香港国安法公布实施5周年”论坛。2024年8月推出首个常设国家安全展厅，全方位介绍总体国家安全观，举办有关专题展览，至今累计吸引超过150万香港市民参观。

– Promoting public national security education initiatives. For consecutive years, the HKSAR has celebrated the National Security Education Day on April 15, promoting awareness on national security through opening ceremonies, themed lectures, and open day events at the Chinese PLA Hong Kong Garrison, and many other forms. It has also held the National Security Law Legal Forum on multiple occasions and organized the Fifth Anniversary Forum of Promulgation & Implementation of Hong Kong National Security Law. In August 2024, Hong Kong established its first permanent National Security Exhibition Gallery, which provides a systematic introduction to the holistic approach to national security. The gallery has hosted a wide range of relevant thematic exhibitions, attracting more than 1.5 million Hong Kong residents.

——重点加强对青少年的国家安全教育。香港特别行政区举办“全港学界国家安全常识挑战赛”“全民国情知识大赛”等系列挑战赛。推动各级学校全面系统规划和推动国家安全教育。制定并更新中小学《香港国家安全教育课程框架》，将国家安全教育元素有机融入相关课程。

– Strengthening national security education with a focus on young people. The HKSAR has rolled out contests for students, including the Territory-wide Inter-school National Security Knowledge Challenge and the National Knowledge Contest. It has facilitated comprehensive and systematic planning and advancing of national security education in schools at all levels, and established and updated the national security curriculum framework for primary and secondary schools in Hong Kong, integrating national security education into relevant subjects.

——创新方式开展国家安全教育。创建“香港修例风波真相”专题网站，展示真实史料，让“修例风波”警钟长鸣。推出《国安法事件簿》等电视节目，以案释法增强国家安全意识。制作国家安全教育动漫《安仔与熊仔》等，以活泼生动方式推广国家安全教育。培训“国家安全教育地区导师”和“青年国安大使”，向全社会宣传普及国家安全知识。全港18区每年举办国安嘉年华等活动，推动国家安全教育进社区、进基层。现在，要安定安宁、不要暴乱动荡，要繁荣昌盛、不要凋敝衰败，要精诚团结、不要对立撕裂，要文明法治、不要野蛮失序，已成为全体香港居民的共同心声。

– Carrying out national security education in an innovative way. A dedicated website titled "The Truth About Hong Kong 'Legislative Amendment Turmoil'" has been launched to preserve fact-based records and help the public remain informed and vigilant. The TV series such as National Security Law Chronicles advances public national security awareness through real-life cases, while the animated series Andy and Security Bear uses engaging storytelling to introduce key concepts to younger audiences. Local national security education tutors and youth ambassadors have been trained to extend this national security education to the wider public. All 18 districts in Hong Kong now organize annual national security activities, including carnivals and other events designed to bring this education to neighborhoods and local communities. Today, all Hong Kong residents share one aspiration: stability and peace, not riot and turbulence; vitality and prosperity, not decline and decay; unity and solidarity, not opposition and division; civility and rule of law, not lawlessness and disorder.

在中央政府坚定支持下，香港特别行政区坚决履行维护国家安全的宪制责任，完成一系列本地立法，构建了香港国安法和本地法律紧密衔接、浑然一体的特别行政区维护国家安全的法律体系。香港维护国家安全的机构日益健全，机制愈发顺畅，能力不断增强，“国安家好”的共识深入人心，全社会形成维护国家安全强大合力。

With the firm support of the central government, the HKSAR has been resolutely fulfilling its constitutional responsibility to safeguard national security. It has enacted a series of local laws and formed a comprehensive legal framework for this endeavor in which the Hong Kong National Security Law and local legislation are closely aligned and function as an integrated whole. Hong Kong's institutions for safeguarding national security have been improving, with their mechanisms operating more smoothly and their capabilities growing ever stronger. The understanding that security brings prosperity is increasingly becoming a mainstream consensus in society, creating a powerful synergy for safeguarding national security across the society.

四、香港实现由乱到治走向由治及兴

IV. Hong Kong: From Disorder to Stability and Prosperity

经过中央政府和香港特别行政区的共同努力，香港维护国家安全工作取得历史性成就、发生历史性变革。国家主权、安全、发展利益得到有力维护，香港繁荣稳定得到有力促进，广大居民福祉得到有力保障，香港进入从由乱到治走向由治及兴的新阶段，为“一国两制”实践行稳致远打下坚实基础。

Through the concerted efforts of the central government and the HKSAR, a historic transformation has been realized in safeguarding national security in the region with marked achievements. National sovereignty, security, and development interests have been effectively protected, and Hong Kong is enjoying a higher level of prosperity and stability with the wellbeing of its residents ensured. Bidding farewell to disorder, the region has entered a new phase of stability and prosperity, laying a solid foundation for the steady and sustained implementation of the One Country, Two Systems policy.

（一）政权安全有效维护，治理效能显著提升

1. Government Security Safeguarded and Governance Efficiency Enhanced

香港维护国家安全的实践，从根本上保证了特别行政区的管治权由坚定的爱国者掌握。以宪法和基本法为基础的特别行政区宪制秩序牢固确立，尊重和维护国家的根本制度成为自觉。香港特别行政区按照新选举制度先后成功举行选举委员会选举、第七届立法会选举、第六任行政长官选举、第七届区议会选举、第八届立法会选举，当选者皆为爱国者。涵盖行政长官、主要官员、行政会议成员、立法会议员、各级法院法官和其他司法人员、公务员和区议员的宣誓效忠制度建立健全并有效实施，符合“一国两制”方针、符合宪法和基本法、符合香港实际情况的高质量民主深入推进。

Hong Kong's endeavors in safeguarding national security have fundamentally ensured that it is administered by staunch patriots. The constitutional order based on the Constitution and the Basic Law has been firmly established, and respect for and adherence to the country's fundamental system have become conscious practices across the region. 

Under the new electoral system, the HKSAR has conducted elections for the Election Committee, the seventh Legislative Council, the sixth chief executive, the seventh district councils, and the eighth Legislative Council, ensuring that all those elected are patriots. An oath-taking system covering the chief executive, principal officials, members of the Executive Council and of the Legislative Council, judges of the courts at all levels and other members of the judiciary, civil service personnel, and district councilors has been established, refined, and effectively implemented. As a result, high-quality democracy that aligns with the One Country, Two Systems policy, complies with the Constitution and the Basic Law, and suits the actual conditions of Hong Kong has been further developed.

行政主导体制运行顺畅，特别行政区治理水平不断提升。行政长官和特别行政区政府积极履行香港的当家人、治理香港的第一责任人职责，担当作为、奋发进取、善作善成。第六届特别行政区政府践行“以结果为目标”的施政理念，把有为政府和高效市场更好结合，敢于破除利益固化藩篱，着力破解经济社会深层次矛盾和问题。立法机关与行政机关良性互动，立法会议员广泛听取市民意见，积极为政府施政建言献策，更好发挥参政议政作用。区议会和关爱队、地区“三会”成员扎根基层，当好桥梁纽带，用心用情服务市民，成为政府施政的助手、市民解决问题的帮手。爱国爱港政团社团发扬光荣传统，积极参与社会事务，凝聚各方力量，全力支持行政长官和特别行政区政府依法施政，一起撑香港、建香港。香港呈现出良政善治的崭新面貌。

The executive-led system has been operating smoothly, and governance has continued to improve in the HKSAR. The chief executive and the HKSAR government proactively fulfill their leading role and shoulder primary responsibility for Hong Kong's governance, demonstrating initiative, striving for progress, and delivering satisfactory results. The sixth-term HKSAR government has applied a result-oriented approach to governance, combining a competent government with a well-functioning market, breaking down entrenched interests and barriers, and focusing on resolving deep-seated economic and social problems. Positive interaction between the legislative and executive branches is now commonplace, and Legislative Council members continue to play an increasingly constructive role in governance by extensively gathering public opinions and proactively offering advice on government policies. 

At the grassroots level, district councilors, care teams and the "three committees" (Area Committees, District Fight Crime Committees, and District Fire Safety Committees) serve the public wholeheartedly as bridges between communities and the government, assisting policy implementation and helping residents resolve issues. Patriotic political groups and organizations uphold their fine traditions by actively engaging in social affairs, uniting diverse forces, and fully supporting the chief executive and the HKSAR government in exercising governance in accordance with the law. Working together, they support Hong Kong's development and strive for its future. Hong Kong is thriving in a new climate of good governance.

（二）法治尊严有力捍卫，社会秩序恢复稳定

2. Dignity of the Rule of Law Defended and Social Order Restored

香港维护国家安全的实践，沉重打击了反中乱港势力肆意践踏法治，挑战香港执法、司法机关的嚣张气焰，让香港引以为傲的法治回来了。危害国家安全的行为和活动受到有效防范、制止和惩治，市民的各项合法权利在安全的环境中得到更好保障，香港告别了动荡不安的局面，恢复了安宁、恢复了秩序、恢复了以往的活力，社会的稳定变得更加持久。市民安心出行，商家安心营业，学生安心上学，商业区充满生机和活力，市民生命财产安全得到充分保障，香港重新成为全球最安全城市之一。文化、艺术、体育、金融、经济、贸易等领域的盛事活动接连举办，国际大都市魅力更加彰显、风采更加动人。

Hong Kong's endeavors in safeguarding national security have dealt a heavy blow to the anti-China agitators who trampled on the rule of law and challenged law enforcement and judicial authorities in Hong Kong. The rule of law, long a source of pride for the local community, has now been restored. Acts and activities endangering national security have been effectively prevented, halted, and punished, while citizens' lawful rights are better protected within a secure environment. The turbulence of the past has gone, replaced by peace, order, vitality, and sustained stability across society. Residents are now able to travel without fear, businesses to operate without concern, and students to attend school with an easy mind. The business districts are vibrant and thriving, residents' lives and property are fully protected, and Hong Kong is once again one of the safest cities in the world. Major events in the fields of culture, arts, sports, finance, economy, and trade have been held here in succession, highlighting the appeal of this international metropolis.

香港司法法律界坚定担当起香港法治守护者的责任。特别行政区法院依法对“修例风波”中出现的严重违法犯罪行为作出了具有阻吓性的判决。面对一些国家对香港依法维护国家安全的恶意攻击，乃至恐吓、威胁、制裁，香港执法、检控和司法人员以无惧、无偏、无私、无欺之精神，严格公正司法，捍卫公平正义，赢得各方尊敬和赞誉。香港包括普通法在内的原有法律制度得到保持和发展，法治“金字招牌”享誉全球。国际调解院总部、亚非法协香港区域仲裁中心和国际统一私法协会亚太地区联络办公室纷纷落户香港，这是国际社会对香港法治投下的“信心票”。

Hong Kong's judiciary and legal community stands resolutely as the guardians of the rule of law. HKSAR courts adjudicated serious criminal cases during the 2019 turmoil in accordance with the law and handed down deterrent verdicts. In safeguarding national security in accordance with the law, law enforcement, prosecution, and judicial personnel in Hong Kong have to face vitriolic attacks – even intimidation, threats and sanctions – from some countries. In spite of the pressure, they have acted with courage, impartiality, integrity, and honesty, and stood firm in defense of fairness and justice, earning respect and praise from all sectors. 

Hong Kong's original legal system, including the common law, has been maintained and developed. Its rule of law enjoys global renown, with the successive establishment of the headquarters of the International Mediation Institute, the Hong Kong Regional Arbitration Centre under the Asian-African Legal Consultative Organization, and the Asia-Pacific Liaison Office of the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law in the region representing a "vote of confidence" from the international community in the local rule of law.

（三）营商环境持续优化，经济发展蓬勃兴旺

3. Business Environment Improved and Economy Thriving

香港维护国家安全的实践，为市场注入了强大的稳定性、确定性、可预期性，香港营商环境越来越好、各国投资者纷至沓来。

Hong Kong's endeavors in safeguarding national security have contributed to stability, certainty and predictability in the market, with an increasingly favorable business environment that continues to attract global investors. 

香港经济稳步增长。2023年香港顺利走出新冠疫情，本地生产总值连续保持增长，2024年全年突破3万亿港元，2025年实质增长3.5%。国际金融、航运、贸易中心地位更加稳固，经济自由度蝉联全球第一，全球金融中心指数评分排名世界第三，世界竞争力排名重返全球前三，世界人才排名大幅跃升至全球第四、亚洲第一。2025年恒生指数上涨27.8%，港股IPO规模同比增长两倍、高居全球第一。香港航空货运量连续多年保持全球第一，船舶注册吨位排名全球第四，国际航运中心发展指数排名全球第四。新动能新优势不断聚集增强。新质生产力加快发展，北部都会区以创新方式加速发展，河套深港科技创新合作区香港园区正式开园。有超过2700家单一家族办公室在港经营，当中一半以上管理资产规模超过5000万美元。母公司在海外或内地的驻港公司超11000间，创历史新高。全球投资者用真金白银为香港未来投下“信心票”。香港仍然是举世公认的全世界营商环境最好的地方，是干事创业、投资兴业、成就梦想的热土。

The local economy has maintained steady growth. In 2023, Hong Kong successfully emerged from the Covid-19 pandemic, with its GDP continuing to expand, exceeding HK$3 trillion in 2024 and recording a real-term increase of 3.5 percent in 2025. The region has further solidified its status as an international hub for finance, shipping, and trade. It again topped the world in economic freedom, ranked third globally in the Global Financial Centres Index, reclaimed its position among the top three in global competitiveness rankings, and recorded a significant improvement in its talent ranking, rising to fourth place globally and first in Asia. In 2025, the Hang Seng Index rose by 27.8 percent, while the IPOs on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange tripled year-on-year, ranking first globally. Hong Kong has remained the world's leader in air cargo throughput for years in a row and ranked fourth globally in registered tonnage of ships and in the International Shipping Centre Development Index.

New growth drivers and competitive advantages continue to gather momentum. Development of new quality productive forces has accelerated, with the Northern Metropolis advancing more rapidly through innovative approaches. The Hong Kong Park of the Hetao Shenzhen-Hong Kong Science and Technology Innovation Cooperation Zone has officially opened. More than 2,700 Single-Family Offices now operate in Hong Kong, with more than half managing assets exceeding US$50 million. The number of Hong Kong-based enterprises whose parent company resides overseas or on the mainland has reached a historic high of over 11,000, and global investors have shown their confidence in Hong Kong's future with action. The region is universally recognized as possessing the best business environment in the world, a place where ambitious entrepreneurs and investors can thrive and realize their dreams.

香港内联外通功能强化拓展，重要桥梁和窗口作用更加凸显。香港连续成功举办国际金融领袖投资峰会，吸引全球金融精英密集来港，2025年举办的第十届“一带一路”高峰论坛，吸引相关国家和地区逾6000名政商界人士参会。香港总商会委托专业机构调查编制的“亚洲城市国际化指数”中，香港排名第一。2025年11月，亚洲基础设施投资银行宣布将在港设立办事处。2025年全年香港吸引旅客4990万人次、同比增长12%。有外国驻港机构发布的2026年有关调查报告显示，94%的受访美资企业对香港的法治表示信任。那些极力唱衰香港、大肆抹黑香港营商环境和国际声誉，鼓动在港企业撤离等言行，注定是徒劳的。

Hong Kong's role as an internal-external link and a vital bridge and window to the rest of the world have been further strengthened. The city has successfully hosted successive sessions of the Global Financial Leaders' Investment Summit, drawing an influx of financial elites from around the world. The 10th Belt and Road Summit in 2025 attracted over 6,000 political figures and business people from relevant countries and regions. Hong Kong ranked first in the 2025 Asian Cities Internationality Index, compiled by a professional agency commissioned by the Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce. In November 2025, the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank announced its plan to establish an office in Hong Kong. Throughout the year, the city welcomed 49.9 million visitors, marking a 12 percent increase compared to the previous year. In 2026, a survey by an international institution in Hong Kong showed that 94 percent of US-funded enterprises surveyed expressed confidence in Hong Kong's rule of law. Any attempt to disparage Hong Kong, undermine its business environment and international reputation, or encourage businesses to leave is destined to fail.

（四）权利自由更有保障，市民福祉日益增进

4. Rights and Freedoms Better Protected and Public Wellbeing Enhanced

香港维护国家安全的实践，为香港市民依法享有各项权利自由提供了更好保障。香港国安法实施5年多来，检控的危害国家安全犯罪案件占全部刑事犯罪案件的比例不到0.2%。这充分说明香港国安法打击的是极少数危害国家安全的违法犯罪分子，保护的是绝大多数人的人权自由，与某些国家肆意将经济、技术、资本、货币、关税作为泛国安化武器有本质区别。香港居民依法行使各项权利，享有各种自由，包括选举权和被选举权，言论、新闻、出版的自由，结社、集会、游行、示威的自由，组织和参加工会、罢工的权利和自由等，个人隐私受到应有保护。香港社会继续保持高度多元、五光十色，任何人不管持何种政治立场、奉行什么理念，只要遵守香港特别行政区的法律，都可以在香港自由地生活、工作、学习。在香港特别行政区政府新闻发布系统注册的本地、内地和海外传媒机构有200多家，进入香港的境外新闻媒体有增无减。所谓“香港国安法损害人权和新闻言论自由”“以言入罪”“有了国安法就没有‘一国两制’”等谣言，在事实面前不攻自破。

Hong Kong's endeavors in safeguarding national security have better guaranteed local residents' rights and freedoms in accordance with the law. Over the past five years after the Hong Kong National Security Law came into effect, cases prosecuted for crimes endangering national security accounted for less than 0.2 percent of all criminal cases. This fully demonstrates that the Hong Kong National Security Law targets only a tiny minority of individuals who commit crimes endangering national security, while safeguarding the human rights and freedoms of the overwhelming majority. This stands in stark contrast to the practices of some countries that indiscriminately weaponize economic measures, technology, capital, currency, or tariffs under the broad label of national security. 

Residents lawfully exercise their rights and enjoy various freedoms in Hong Kong, including the right to vote and to stand for election, the freedoms of speech, of the press and of publication, the freedoms of association, assembly, procession and demonstration, and the right and freedom to organize and participate in trade unions and strikes, while personal privacy remains strongly protected. Hong Kong continues to embrace diversity and vibrancy. As long as they abide by HKSAR laws, individuals of all political stances or beliefs can live, work, and study freely in Hong Kong. Over 200 local, mainland, and overseas media organizations have registered with the HKSAR news release system, with the number of overseas news media outlets steadily increasing year by year. 

These facts refute any rumors that suggest the Hong Kong National Security Law infringes on human rights and the freedom of speech and the press, countering accusations of convictions for speech. And the claim that the One Country, Two Systems policy has been compromised by the introduction of the Law has been contradicted by the reality of life in Hong Kong.

香港维护国家安全的实践，保障全社会集中精力拼经济、谋发展、搞建设、惠民生，广大市民的获得感、幸福感、安全感不断增强。特别行政区政府通过推展“简约公屋”等有力举措，使公屋轮候时间大幅缩短。“社区客厅”加速建设，改善基层市民生活环境。地区康健中心作为社区医疗健康服务枢纽的作用强化，为市民提供多元化的基层医疗健康服务。公共福利覆盖及配套资助计划进一步扩大，长者医疗券拓展至粤港澳大湾区内地城市更多医疗机构。首间中医医院开设运营，跨境安老院新增多家。落实最低工资“一年一检”，取消强积金对冲，让劳动者权益更有保障。“大湾区青年就业计划”恒常化，更多企业提供职位支持香港青年到大湾区内地城市工作。香港市民得到了更多“看得见、摸得到”的民生实惠。现在，香港社会戾气少了，爱国爱港人士扬眉吐气，反中乱港言行遭到唾弃。爱国主义教育广泛深入开展，以爱国爱港为核心、与“一国两制”方针相适应的主流价值观日益形成巩固，社会正能量不断汇聚、正气不断上扬。

Hong Kong's endeavors in safeguarding national security have allowed the whole society to concentrate on developing the economy and improving people's wellbeing, resulting in a growing sense of gain, fulfillment, and security among the public. The HKSAR government has significantly reduced the waiting time for public rental housing through effective measures such as the Light Public Housing project. The accelerated development of Community Living Rooms has improved the living environment for grassroots residents. District Health Centers, as hubs of community healthcare services, have been strengthened, providing a wider range of primary healthcare services to citizens. Social welfare coverage and supporting subsidy programs have been further expanded, with the Elderly Health Care Voucher Scheme extended to more medical institutions in the mainland cities of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. Hong Kong's first traditional Chinese medicine hospital has commenced operations, and several new cross-boundary elderly care homes have been established. The annual review of the Statutory Minimum Wage and the abolition of the Mandatory Provident Fund offsetting arrangement have strengthened protection for workers' rights and interests. The Greater Bay Area Youth Employment Scheme has been regularized to encourage more enterprises to offer positions for Hong Kong young people to work in the mainland cities of the Greater Bay Area. Together, these changes have enabled Hong Kong citizens to enjoy more tangible benefits in their daily lives.

Throughout the HKSAR, social hostility has diminished. People who love both the country and Hong Kong have been vindicated, while anti-China acts and rhetoric have been condemned. Extensive education campaigns on patriotism have helped patriotic mainstream values aligned with the One Country, Two Systems policy gain deeper resonance among the public. The social climate is becoming more positive, and justice continues to prevail.

五、以高水平安全护航“一国两制”事业高质量发展

V. Creating High-Standard Security for High-Quality Development of the One Country, Two Systems Policy

当前，中国进入了以中国式现代化全面推进强国建设、民族复兴伟业的关键时期，“一国两制”实践进入了新阶段，香港维护国家安全面临的形势依然严峻复杂、斗争依然尖锐激烈。新时代新征程，必须以总体国家安全观为指导，牢牢把握“一国两制”下维护国家安全的实践要求，坚定不移建设高水平安全，护航“一国两制”实践行稳致远。

Nowadays, China has entered a critical stage in building itself into a great country and advancing national rejuvenation on all fronts through Chinese modernization. As the One Country, Two Systems practice has entered a new phase, Hong Kong continues to face a complex situation in safeguarding national security, and the struggle in this regard remains challenging and fierce. On the new journey in the new era, China must adhere to a holistic approach to national security as its guiding principle, accurately grasp the practical requirements of safeguarding national security under the framework of One Country, Two Systems, and unswervingly build a high level of security so as to ensure steady and sustained progress in the One Country, Two Systems practice.

（一）坚持中央政府根本责任和特别行政区宪制责任相统一

1. Upholding the Unity of the Central Government's Fundamental Responsibility and the HKSAR's Constitutional Responsibility

“一国两制”下香港维护国家安全，是中央政府和特别行政区的共同责任。中央政府对香港特别行政区有关的国家安全事务负有根本责任，依法全面维护国家安全，行使相关权力，包括处理特别行政区层面难以解决的维护国家安全问题。香港特别行政区负有维护国家安全的宪制责任，特别行政区行政长官和行政机关、立法机关、司法机关依法有效防范、制止和惩治危害国家安全的行为和活动，并接受中央政府的监督和问责。在维护国家安全问题上，中央主导、特别行政区主责，符合“一国两制”方针，是坚持中央全面管治权和保障特别行政区高度自治权相统一的生动体现。

Safeguarding national security in Hong Kong under One Country, Two Systems is a shared responsibility of the central government and the HKSAR. The central government bears the fundamental responsibility for matters of national security pertaining to the HKSAR. It safeguards national security in all respects by law and exercises relevant powers, including handling national security matters that prove difficult to resolve at the special administrative region level. The HKSAR bears a constitutional responsibility for safeguarding national security. In accordance with the law, the chief executive and the executive, legislative, and judicial branches are responsible for effectively preventing, halting, and punishing acts and activities that undermine national security. In performing these duties, they are subject to the supervision of the central government and are accountable to it. 

In safeguarding national security, the mechanism whereby the central government takes a guiding role and the HKSAR government assumes the principal responsibility is consistent with the One Country, Two Systems policy, and constitutes a vivid manifestation of the unity between upholding the overall jurisdiction of the central authorities and ensuring a high degree of autonomy in Hong Kong. 

面对复杂多变的形势，必须把维护国家安全贯穿“一国两制”实践的全过程。中央政府支持香港特别行政区不断增强国家安全意识，依法履行维护国家安全职责，全面准确实施香港国安法和香港国安条例等法律，统筹传统安全和非传统安全，统筹外部安全和内部安全，及时研究解决出现的新情况、新问题，持续完善香港维护国家安全制度机制，提升维护国家安全的能力和水平。

In the face of complex and changing situations, safeguarding national security must be a consistent theme throughout the implementation of the One Country, Two Systems policy. The central government supports the HKSAR in steadily strengthening its awareness of national security, fulfilling its duty of safeguarding national security in accordance with the law, fully and accurately implementing the Hong Kong National Security Law and the Safeguarding National Security Ordinance, adopting a holistic approach to both traditional and non-traditional security as well as to external and internal security, promptly studying new developments and solving new issues as they arise, continuously optimizing the systems and mechanisms for safeguarding national security, and improving relevant capabilities.

（二）坚持把特别行政区管治权牢牢掌握在爱国者手中

2. Keeping the Power to Govern HKSAR Firmly in the Hands of Patriots

坚持把政治安全摆在首位，是新时代中国国家安全的生命线。政治安全的核心是政权安全和制度安全。反中乱港势力对特别行政区政权的攻击，实质上是企图推翻中国共产党领导、破坏国家的根本制度。“一国两制”下维护政权安全，不仅要维护香港特别行政区政权的安全，全面落实“爱国者治港”原则，确保特别行政区管治权牢牢掌握在爱国者手中，而且要维护中华人民共和国宪法确立的国家根本制度和国家政权的安全。在这个大是大非问题上，必须立场坚定、旗帜鲜明，任何时候都不能动摇。

Giving top priority to political security is crucial to China's national security in the new era. State power security and system security constitute the core of political security. Anti-China agitators' attack on the HKSAR government was, in essence, an attempt to undermine the leadership of the CPC and the fundamental system of the country. Safeguarding government security under the framework of One Country, Two Systems requires not only protecting the security of the HKSAR government, fully implementing the principle of patriots administering Hong Kong, and ensuring that the power to govern Hong Kong remains firmly in the hands of those who love the country, but also safeguarding the security of the country's fundamental systems and state power established by the Constitution. On this major issue of principle, a clear and firm stance must be upheld without any wavering.

“修例风波”殷鉴不远，国家安全警钟长鸣。维护政权安全必须把反中乱港势力排除在特别行政区管治架构之外，严防打着所谓“民主”“自由”“人权”口号的“软对抗”，严防海外反中乱港活动倒灌香港。必须发展壮大爱国爱港力量，形成更广泛的国内外支持“一国两制”的统一战线。必须坚定走符合香港实际情况的民主发展道路，通过举行高质量的选举，把爱国爱港立场坚定、管治能力突出、热心服务公众的贤能人才选入管治团队。必须坚持和完善行政主导，推动行政与立法良性互动，不断提升特别行政区治理效能。

Always staying vigilant on matters of national security is a lesson learned from the 2019 turmoil. To safeguard government security, instigators of disorder must be excluded from the HKSAR's governance structure, attention must remain focused on "soft confrontation" under the slogans of "democracy", "freedom", and "human rights", and the reverse flow of agitator activities from overseas to Hong Kong must be closely monitored. It is imperative to inspire more people in Hong Kong to love both the country and Hong Kong and forge a broader united front at home and abroad in support of the One Country, Two Systems policy. Hong Kong must follow a path of democratic development that aligns with its realities, and place virtuous patriots with a clear and firm stance, outstanding administrative capabilities and a commitment to public service in the governing team through high-quality elections. The executive-led system must be upheld and strengthened, and positive interactions between the executive and legislative branches should be promoted, to continuously improve the governance efficiency of the HKSAR. 

（三）坚持尊重和保障人权

3. Respecting and Ensuring Human Rights

国家安全是每个人的安全，攸关香港全体居民和各国投资者的利益福祉。香港维护国家安全的实践不追求“绝对安全”，或者“泛化安全”，对人权保障作出了完善的规定，保护香港居民根据基本法和有关国际公约适用于香港的有关规定享有的权利和自由。严格区分罪与非罪的界限，保障个人和组织依法行使权利和自由不受影响。在追诉危害国家安全犯罪的过程中，保障犯罪嫌疑人、被告人和其他诉讼参与人依法享有的辩护权和其他诉讼权利；犯罪嫌疑人、被告人享有尽早接受司法机关公正审判的权利。

National security bears on the security of everyone. In Hong Kong, it concerns the interests and wellbeing of all residents and foreign investors. Hong Kong's endeavors in safeguarding national security are not aimed to pursue "absolute" or "generalized" security. Instead, they have sound provisions on the protection of human rights and the rights and freedoms enjoyed by all of Hong Kong's residents in accordance with the Basic Law and the relevant provisions of the international covenants applicable to Hong Kong. Clear distinctions are maintained between crimes and non-crimes, ensuring that individuals and organizations can exercise their rights and freedoms in accordance with the law without interference. In the process of prosecuting those who endanger national security, the rights to defense and other litigation rights afforded by law to criminal suspects, defendants, and other participants in legal proceedings are fully guaranteed. Criminal suspects and defendants are entitled to a prompt and fair trial by judicial authorities.

尊重和保障人权，是香港特别行政区维护国家安全的鲜明特色和重要经验，必须长期坚持。香港居民和法人与其他国家、地区及相关国际组织的正常交流以及在港外国人的各项权利依法得到保障，不会受到任何影响。正常的官方往来、商业交易、科研合作、学术交流和民间交往等活动，都受法律的充分保护。

Respecting and protecting human rights is a salient feature and important experience of the HKSAR's efforts to safeguard national security and must be adhered to over the long term. Normal interactions between Hong Kong residents and legal entities and other countries, regions, and relevant international organizations, as well as the various rights of foreigners in Hong Kong are fully protected in accordance with the law and will not be affected in any way. Normal official exchanges, commercial deals, research cooperation, academic exchanges, non-governmental communications, and other activities also remain sufficiently protected by law.

（四）坚持在法治轨道上维护安全

4. Safeguarding Security Under the Rule of Law

香港特别行政区维护国家安全，严格依照宪法和基本法、香港国安法以及本地法律开展工作，有法必依，违法必究。坚持罪刑法定，法律规定为犯罪行为的，按照法律定罪处刑；法律没有规定为犯罪行为的，不予定罪处刑。坚持法律不溯及既往原则。遵循法律的正当程序，奉行无罪推定，任何人未经司法机关判罪之前均假定无罪。任何人已经司法程序被最终确定有罪或宣告无罪的，不得就同一行为再予审判或者惩罚。执法机关严格依照法律规定行使执法权，遵守法定程序，接受司法审查。特别行政区司法机构独立行使审判权，依法审理涉及国家安全的案件，不受任何干涉。中央人民政府驻香港特别行政区维护国家安全公署严格依法履行职责，依法接受监督。

In safeguarding national security, the HKSAR strictly abides by the Constitution, the Basic Law, the Hong Kong National Security Law, and local laws, making sure that laws are observed and violations are punished. The principle of legality is upheld, meaning that the perpetrators of activities defined by law as crimes are convicted and sentenced in accordance with the law, while activities not so defined are not subject to prosecution or punishment. The principle of non-retroactivity is strictly observed, and due process and the presumption of innocence are fully respected, with all individuals thusly considered innocent prior to conviction by judicial organs. Individuals who have been conclusively convicted or acquitted through judicial proceedings are not subject to new trials or punishment for the same acts. 

Law enforcement agencies exercise their powers in strict accordance with legal provisions, follow statutory procedures, and are subject to judicial scrutiny. The judicial authorities of the HKSAR exercise adjudicative power independently and, in trying cases pertaining to national security in accordance with the law, are free from any interference. The Office for Safeguarding National Security of the Central People's Government in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region performs its duties in strict accordance with the law and operates under legally mandated oversight.

保持香港普通法制度，持续健全特别行政区维护国家安全的法律制度和执行机制，完善特别行政区司法制度和法律体系，确保司法机关独立行使审判权，更好发挥法治固根本、稳预期、利长远的保障作用，不断增强香港居民和国际社会对香港法治的信心。

Hong Kong's common law system continues to apply. Efforts are being made to continuously improve the HKSAR's legal system and enforcement mechanisms for safeguarding national security, strengthen the judicial and legal systems, and ensure the independent exercise of adjudicative power by judicial agencies. These measures aim to enhance the role of the rule of law in consolidating foundations, stabilizing expectations, and delivering long-term benefits, and constantly strengthen the confidence of Hong Kong residents and the international community in the rule of law in Hong Kong.

（五）坚持统筹发展和安全

5. Following a Holistic Approach to Development and Security

安全是发展的前提，发展是安全的保障，维护安全和推动发展都要坚定不移。香港的独特地位和优势，是在发展中形成的，同样要在发展中巩固和提升。推动发展，绝对不能忽视安全。过去香港维护国家安全法律制度和执行机制不健全，政治争拗和社会乱象不断，错失了很多发展良机，民生福祉受到影响。维护国家安全就是为了让香港更好地发展，让香港居民过上更好的日子，让投资者的合法权益得到更好保护。树立发展是硬道理、安全也是硬道理的理念，既抓好高质量发展这个第一要务，又抓好维护国家安全这个头等大事，把香港繁荣发展建立在确保安全的基础上。

Security is a prerequisite for development, and development provides a guarantee for security. A firm commitment is required to both safeguard security and advance development. Hong Kong's unique status and strengths have formed through development, and their consolidation and improvement will also be achieved through it. 

Security must not be overlooked while pursuing development. For extended periods in the past, Hong Kong lacked a sound legal system and enforcement mechanisms for safeguarding national security. This allowed political strife and societal chaos to persist, which led to missed opportunities for development and adversely impacted the wellbeing of the people. 

The purpose of safeguarding national security is to ensure better development in Hong Kong and a better life for its residents, while providing better protection for the legitimate rights and interests of investors. It is therefore essential for the region to recognize that security and development are equally important imperatives, and pursue both as its top priorities. Only in this way can a secure foundation for Hong Kong's prosperity and development be established.

新形势下应推动发展和安全动态平衡、相得益彰，坚持促进创新和防范风险相统一。巩固提升香港独特地位优势，不断增强发展新动能。更加重视金融、航运、贸易以及海外利益保护等非传统领域的安全，切实防范外部敌对势力干预破坏，进一步健全反制裁、反干预、反“长臂管辖”制度机制，完善风险监测预警体系，有效化解重大风险，实现香港经济高质量发展，保持社会大局稳定。

Under the new circumstances, a dynamic balance between development and security should be achieved so that the two reinforce each other. Innovation should be promoted while risks are prevented. Hong Kong's unique status and strengths should be consolidated and boosted, and new driving forces for development should be continuously strengthened. Greater attention should be given to security in unconventional areas such as finance, shipping, trade, and the protection of overseas interests. Intervention and sabotage by hostile external forces must be guarded against, and the systems and mechanisms for countering foreign sanctions, intervention, and long-arm jurisdiction should be further improved. Risk monitoring and early warning systems should be improved to effectively defuse major risks, so as to achieve high-quality economic development and maintain social stability in Hong Kong. 

（六）坚持在开放中维护安全

6. Safeguarding Security with Greater Openness

“一国两制”下香港维护国家安全，塑造的是开放型安全，强调在开放环境中动态维护国家安全。香港背靠祖国、联通世界，是久负盛名的国际金融、航运、贸易中心，一直保持自由港地位，实行零关税政策，自由开放雄冠全球。作为连接世界第二大经济体和全球经济体系的关键枢纽，在香港维护国家安全，就是维护全球产业链、供应链、资金链安全，就是维护国际经济金融安全，就是维护经济全球化的基本秩序。在高度国际化环境下，香港既坚定不移维护国家安全，又坚定不移保持开放，在开放中保安全，以安全促开放。

Safeguarding national security in Hong Kong under One Country, Two Systems aims at developing "open security", emphasizing dynamic protection of national security in an open environment. Backed by the motherland and connecting the world, Hong Kong has long enjoyed the reputation as an international center for finance, shipping and trade. By maintaining its long-term status as a free port and implementing a zero-tariff policy, it has remained one of the world's most liberal and open economies. The special administrative region functions as a pivotal link between the world's second largest economy and the global economy. 

As such, safeguarding national security in Hong Kong means safeguarding the security of global industrial, supply and capital chains, international economic and financial security, and the basic order of economic globalization. In a highly internationalized environment, Hong Kong remains resolute in both safeguarding national security and maintaining openness, ensuring security through openness and promoting openness through security.

坚持在高水平安全保障下推进高水平开放，确保营商环境更加自由开放，资本市场更加有活力、有韧性，资金、人员、货物、数据等要素流动更加便捷，国际交往合作更广泛、更紧密，国际影响力和竞争力不断提升。香港继续从其他普通法适用地区聘用法官和其他司法人员，终审法院继续根据需要邀请其他普通法适用地区的法官参加审判，外来的律师继续依法在港工作和执业。世界各国各地区投资者的合法权益继续得到平等保护，不同的语言、不同的族裔、不同的文化交流互鉴，多元文化共存交融的特色愈发彰显。

On the basis of a strong security foundation, the HKSAR will advance high-standard opening up to ensure a more liberal and open business environment, a more dynamic and resilient capital market, and seamless flow of capital, personnel, goods, data, and other factors of production. International exchanges and cooperation should be broadened and deepened, so that Hong Kong's international influence and competitiveness continue to rise. 

Hong Kong will continue to employ judges and other judicial professionals from other common law areas, and its Court of Final Appeal will continue to invite such judges to participate in trials as needed. Lawyers from other areas will continue to work and practice law in Hong Kong in accordance with the law. The lawful rights and interests of investors from all countries and regions will continue to receive equal protection. People speaking different languages who come from different racial and cultural backgrounds will continue to interact and learn from each other, highlighting the perfect coexistence and integration of diverse cultures.

无论国际风云如何变幻，中央政府始终全力支持香港建设高水平安全，全力支持香港防范化解重大风险隐患，全力支持香港广泛拓展国际联系，全力保持香港长期繁荣稳定。中央政府将一如既往全面准确、坚定不移贯彻“一国两制”、“港人治港”、高度自治的方针，坚持“一国”之本，尊重“两制”差异，保持香港资本主义制度和生活方式长期不变，保持香港国际自由港和单独关税区地位长期不变，保持普通法制度长期不变，切实保护私有财产、企业所有权、合法继承权以及投资者在香港的安全和合法利益。

Regardless of changes in the international landscape, the central government will always lend full support to Hong Kong in building high-standard security, preventing and defusing major risks and hidden dangers, and extensively expanding its global reach. It is fully committed to maintaining the region's long-term prosperity and stability. The central government will continue to fully, accurately, and resolutely implement the principles of One Country, Two Systems, the people of Hong Kong administering Hong Kong, and a high degree of autonomy. It will uphold the fundamental tenet of One Country while respecting the differences of Two Systems, ensuring that the capitalist system and way of life in Hong Kong, its status as an international free port and separate customs territory, and its common law system remain unchanged over the long term. Private assets, corporate ownerships, lawful rights of inheritance, and the safety and legitimate interests of investors in Hong Kong will be effectively protected. 

香港维护国家安全的实践，夯实了“一国两制”实践的安全根基，进一步充实了我国国家安全体系，对在高度国际化、全面开放条件下维护国家安全进行了成功探索，丰富了中国特色国家安全道路的内涵，也为各国各地区维护国家安全作出了新示范。

The practice of Hong Kong in safeguarding national security has consolidated the security foundation of One Country, Two Systems, and further strengthened the national security system of the country. It has led to successful approaches for safeguarding national security under the conditions of a highly internationalized environment and all-round opening up. Such experience has enriched the Chinese path to national security and provided a new example for other countries and regions seeking to safeguard their own security.

结束语

Conclusion

“一国两制”下香港维护国家安全的实践波澜壮阔，历程极不平凡，成就有目共睹。香港今天安定繁荣的良好局面来之不易，必须倍加珍惜。一个既安全又自由、既安全又发展、既安全又开放、既安全又生机勃勃的香港，符合“一国两制”方针，符合国家根本利益，符合香港居民福祉，符合外来投资者利益。

Hong Kong's endeavors to safeguard national security under the One Country, Two Systems policy have been extraordinary, with achievements that are widely recognized. Its stability and prosperity today have not come easily, and the hard-won progress must be cherished. A safe Hong Kong that is free, developed, open, and vibrant aligns fully with the One Country, Two Systems policy, serves China's fundamental interests, benefits the residents of Hong Kong, and meets the interests of external investors.

香港维护国家安全的实践，本质上是坚持和发展“一国两制”事业的实践，是保护750万香港居民的基本人权、尊严和福祉的实践，是促进世界和平与发展的实践。当今世界百年变局加速演进，中国发展环境面临深刻复杂变化，维护国家安全只有进行时，没有完成时。中央政府坚定支持香港特别行政区全面准确贯彻“一国两制”方针，坚定扛起维护国家安全的宪制责任，持续筑牢国家安全屏障，以高水平安全护航“一国两制”实践行稳致远。

These endeavors are, at their core, efforts to uphold and advance the One Country, Two Systems policy, protect the fundamental human rights, dignity, and wellbeing of Hong Kong's 7.5 million residents, and promote world peace and development. In today's world, global transformation on a scale unseen in a century is accelerating, and the development environment facing China is undergoing profound and complex change. Safeguarding national security is a long-term and enduring task. The central government firmly supports the HKSAR in fully and faithfully implementing the policy of One Country, Two Systems, shouldering its constitutional responsibility for safeguarding national security, and continuously strengthening its national security shield, to ensure steady and sustained progress in the One Country, Two Systems practice with high-standard security.

有了高水平安全的香港，定能战胜前进道路上的风险挑战，在动荡不安的世界中稳如磐石；有了高水平安全的香港，定能主动识变应变求变，广泛凝聚社会共识，在改革中开创香港发展新局面，实现长治久安和长期繁荣稳定；有了高水平安全的香港，定能充分发挥“一国两制”制度优势，更好融入和服务国家发展大局，在以中国式现代化全面推进强国建设、民族复兴伟业中创造新辉煌、作出新贡献。

Hong Kong, enjoying high-standard security, is bound to overcome all risks and challenges on the journey forward, and remain as steady as a rock in a turbulent world. Under such a condition, it will be able to proactively identify, respond to, and steer changes; build broad consensus across all sectors of society; open up new prospects of development through reform; and achieve long-term peace, stability, and prosperity. 

Looking ahead, Hong Kong will fully leverage the strengths of One Country, Two Systems and better integrate into and contribute to China's overall development. As China advances its modernization drive to build itself into a great country and realize national rejuvenation, Hong Kong will definitely make new achievements and contribute more to the country.

（注1）三个不平等条约：1842年8月29日，英国强迫清政府签订中国近代史上第一个不平等条约《南京条约》，割让香港岛。1860年10月24日，英国迫使清政府签订《北京条约》，割让九龙半岛南端界限街以南的地区。1898年6月9日，英国迫使清政府签订《展拓香港界址专条》，强租“新界”地区99年，由此侵占整个香港地区。

The three unequal treaties are the Treaty of Nanking, the Beijing Convention, and the Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting an Extension of Hong Kong Territory. On August 29, 1842, Britain forced the Qing government to sign the Treaty of Nanking, the first of the unequal treaties in China's modern history, which ceded Hong Kong Island to Britain. On October 24, 1860, Britain forced the Qing government to sign the Beijing Convention which ceded to the UK the part of Kowloon Peninsula south of present-day Boundary Street. On June 9, 1898, Britain again forced the Qing government to sign the Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting an Extension of Hong Kong Territory, by which the New Territories were leased to Britain for 99 years. As a result, Britain occupied the entire area that is now known as Hong Kong.

（注2）“揽炒”是粤语词汇，香港扑克游戏术语，意为“我要抱着你一起死”，比“同归于尽”“玉石俱焚”更严重。

（来源：新华网）

(Source: Xinhua)