《新时代的中国军控、裁军与防扩散》白皮书
White Paper: China's Arms Control, Disarmament, and Nonproliferation in the New Era

新时代的中国军控、裁军与防扩散

（2025年11月）

中华人民共和国

国务院新闻办公室

China's Arms Control, Disarmament, and Nonproliferation in the New Era

The State Council Information Office of 

the People's Republic of China

November 2025

目录

前言

一、国际安全和军控形势复杂严峻

二、新时代中国军控的政策立场

三、建设性参与国际军控进程

四、引领新兴领域国际安全治理

五、加强防扩散与和平利用科技国际合作

结束语

附录1：中国参加的军控、裁军和防扩散相关条约

附录2：中国防扩散出口管制相关法律法规

Contents

Preface

I. Grim Realities: International Security and Arms Control

II. Position and Policies: China's Arms Control in the New Era

III. Playing a Constructive Role in International Arms Control

IV. Leading International Security Governance in Emerging Fields

V. Strengthening International Cooperation on Nonproliferation and Peaceful Uses of Science and Technology

Conclusion

Annex I: List of Arms Control, Disarmament, and Nonproliferation Treaties That China Has Joined

Annex II: China's Laws and Regulations Related to Nonproliferation and Export Controls

前言

Preface

和平与发展是人类社会永恒的主题。和平需要争取，和平需要维护。

Peace and development are eternal themes of human society. Peace needs to be fought for and be upheld.

军控、裁军与防扩散，寄托着人类铸剑为犁、干戈载戢的美好夙愿，承载着降低战争风险、消除安全赤字、促进世界和平的重要使命，关乎全球战略安全与人类共同福祉，日益成为国际社会共同期待。

Arms control, disarmament, and nonproliferation embody humanity's aspiration to turn swords into plowshares and lay down their weapons. They represent important missions of mitigating the risk of war, addressing the security deficit, and promoting global peace. Together, these efforts are vital to global strategic security and the shared wellbeing of humanity, and have gradually become a common expectation of the international community.

中华民族历来崇尚“以和为贵”“协和万邦”，坚守正义之道，反对恃强凌弱与穷兵黩武。中华人民共和国成立以来，始终坚持走和平发展道路，坚定奉行防御性国防政策，坚决反对任何形式的霸权主义、侵略扩张和军备竞赛。中华人民共和国恢复在联合国合法席位后，积极参与多边军控进程，为维护国际和平与安全作出不懈努力。

The Chinese nation has always cherished peace and harmony among nations, upheld justice, and opposed abuse of the weak by the strong and excessive use of force. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949, it has pursued a path of peaceful development and a national defense policy that is defensive in nature, and firmly opposed all forms of hegemony, aggression, expansion, and arms race. After the restoration of its lawful seat in the United Nations (UN) in 1971, China has actively participated in multilateral arms control and made unremitting efforts to safeguard international peace and security.

进入新时代，在习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想指引下，中国坚定不移推进中国式现代化建设，积极顺应国际社会共同呼声，践行全球发展倡议、全球安全倡议、全球文明倡议、全球治理倡议，推动构建人类命运共同体。中国建设性参与国际军控、裁军与防扩散进程，积极贡献中国倡议、中国方案，致力于改善国际安全环境，增进国际安全合作，破解国际安全困境，完善全球安全治理。中国始终是世界和平的建设者、全球发展的贡献者、国际秩序的维护者。

In the new era, guided by Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, China is committed to advancing Chinese modernization, puts into action the Global Development Initiative, Global Security Initiative, Global Civilization Initiative, and Global Governance Initiative, and works to build a community with a shared future for humanity in response to the shared aspirations of the international community. It plays a constructive role in international arms control, disarmament, and nonproliferation, actively offers its initiatives and solutions, and is committed to improving the international security environment, increasing international security cooperation, addressing global security challenges, and strengthening global security governance. China has been and will always be a builder of world peace, a contributor to global development, and a defender of the international order.

2025年是中国人民抗日战争暨世界反法西斯战争胜利80周年，也是联合国成立80周年。和平依然脆弱，战争并未消弭，局部冲突和动荡频发，国际军备竞赛持续升级。人类又面临和平还是战争、对话还是对抗、共赢还是零和的抉择，又一次站在历史的十字路口，迫切需要重振多边军控进程，筑牢和平发展之基。

The year 2025 marks the 80th anniversary of the victory of the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the World Anti-Fascist War. It is also the 80th anniversary of the founding of the UN. Peace remains fragile while wars persist, regional conflicts and turmoil are becoming more frequent, and the international arms race continues to escalate. Today, humanity again has to choose between peace and war, dialogue and confrontation, win-win cooperation and zero-sum game. It once again finds itself at a historic crossroads. As such, there is an urgent need to reinvigorate multilateral arms control and consolidate the foundation for peaceful development.

为全面阐释新时代中国军控、裁军与防扩散的政策实践，介绍外空、网络、人工智能等新兴领域国际安全治理主张，展现中国维护世界和平与安全的坚定决心，呼吁世界各国携手推进国际军控进程，中国政府特发布此白皮书。

The Chinese government is publishing this white paper to comprehensively present China's policies and practices on arms control, disarmament, and nonproliferation, and its position on security governance in emerging fields such as outer space, cyberspace, and artificial intelligence (AI), to restate its commitment to safeguarding world peace and security, and to call on countries around the world to work together for international arms control.

一、国际安全和军控形势复杂严峻

I. Grim Realities: International Security and Arms Control

当今世界，国际战略格局加速调整，国际力量对比朝着更加均衡方向发展，多边主义深入人心，维护世界和平与安全的积极因素上升。同时，全球安全形势复杂严峻，霸权主义、强权政治、单边主义严重冲击战后国际秩序，地缘政治博弈加剧，局部冲突和动荡频发，军备竞赛升温。国际军控、裁军和防扩散的综合性复杂性更加突出，机遇与挑战并存。

In today's world, the international strategic landscape is evolving at an accelerating pace, the global balance of power is shifting towards greater equilibrium, multilateralism is valued, and factors safeguarding world peace and security are on the rise. At the same time, the global security situation is complicated and menacing: Hegemonism, power politics, and unilateralism pose a severe threat to the post-war international order; geopolitical rivalry is intensifying; regional conflicts and unrest are becoming more frequent; and the arms race is escalating. Concurrently, issues related to international arms control, disarmament, and nonproliferation are becoming more complex and multidimensional. Overall, the situation presents both opportunities and challenges.

大国竞争冲击地区和平与安全。个别国家谋求绝对战略优势，持续扩军备战，挑动阵营对抗，加剧国际和地区军备竞赛，导致地区冲突多点爆发，全球军费开支屡创新高。特别是在亚太地区，强化军事同盟，推动“延伸威慑”，前沿部署陆基中程导弹，制造紧张对立，严重损害地区国家安全利益。

Competition between major countries is impacting regional peace and security. A certain country seeks absolute strategic superiority by constantly expanding its armaments, strengthening combat readiness, and provoking bloc confrontation. This has led to escalated international and regional arms race, outbreaks of regional conflicts at multiple spots, and repeated new highs in global military expenditures. In particular, this country has strengthened military alliances in the Asia-Pacific region, exercised extended deterrence, and forward-deployed ground-based intermediate-range missiles, provoking tension and opposition and severely undermining the security and interests of countries in the region.

全球战略稳定面临严重威胁。个别国家持续调整核政策，顽固维持庞大核武库，提升核威慑和实战能力，加剧全球核冲突风险。导弹防御技术不断提升，外空、网络、人工智能等新兴领域军事应用快速发展，正在改变传统战略攻防格局，给全球战略稳定带来新冲击。

Global strategic stability faces severe threats. This certain country keeps adjusting its nuclear policies, stubbornly maintaining a massive nuclear weapons stockpile while further reinforcing its nuclear deterrence and war-fighting capabilities. This has resulted in rising risks of global nuclear conflicts. Meanwhile, missile defense technologies are advancing rapidly, and military applications in emerging fields such as outer space, cyberspace, and AI are developing at a fast pace. All these factors are reshaping the traditional strategic offense-defense dynamic, posing new challenges to global strategic stability.

国际军控、裁军和防扩散体系受到侵蚀。个别国家退群毁约，破坏国际军控体系。国际防扩散机制深受实用主义和双重标准危害，少数国家构筑“小院高墙”、大搞“脱钩断链”，以防扩散为名限制发展中国家和平利用科技权利。

The international arms control, disarmament, and nonproliferation regimes are eroding. This certain country has undermined the international arms control regime by withdrawing from relevant international agreements. The international nonproliferation regime has suffered from pragmatism and double standards. A handful of countries, driven by a "small yard with high fences" mentality, pursue decoupling, sever industrial and supply chains, and restrict developing countries' peaceful use of science and technology in the name of nonproliferation.

新兴领域安全风险与挑战日益突出。随着新兴科技快速发展应用，技术失控、数据窃密、科技犯罪、伦理失范等风险上升，国际规则缺失和治理体系滞后问题凸显。新兴领域军事化进程加快，冲击传统交战法则和战争伦理，带来新的全球性安全挑战。

Security risks and challenges in emerging fields are becoming more prominent. With the rapid development of emerging technologies, uncontrolled use of technologies, data theft, technological crimes, and violation of ethics are on the rise. These issues highlight the absence of international rules and the lag in governance systems. The militarization trend in emerging fields is accelerating. This is destabilizing traditional principles of warfare and war ethics and posing new challenges to global security.

加强军备控制的和平正义呼声高涨。全球南方国家在国际安全与发展事务中的自主性上升，推动构建公平、公正、合理的国际军控体系，维护世界和平稳定的力量不断壮大。中国坚定维护以联合国为核心的国际军控体系，积极推动完善全球安全治理，是推进国际军控进程的重要力量。

Rising calls for stronger arms control are in essence calls for peace and justice. The Global South is achieving greater autonomy in addressing global security and development affairs. The drive to promote a fair, just and reasonable international arms control regime and to safeguard world peace and stability is growing stronger. China is committed to upholding the international arms control regime with the UN at its core. It actively promotes sound global security governance and serves as a key promoter of international arms control.

二、新时代中国军控的政策立场

II. Position and Policies: China's Arms Control in the New Era

新时代的中国军控、裁军与防扩散政策，基于以和为贵的文化传统、社会主义的国家性质、和平发展的战略抉择。中国致力于推进军控领域全球治理，支持建立持久和平与普遍安全的世界。

China's policies on arms control, disarmament, and nonproliferation in the new era are based on its cultural tradition of harmony, its socialist nature, and its strategic commitment to peaceful development. China works to promote global governance in arms control and supports all efforts to build a world of lasting peace and common security.

推动构建人类命运共同体。人类是命运共同体，也是不可分割的安全共同体。维护世界和平与安全，促进全球战略平衡与稳定，是军控、裁军与防扩散的重要使命，也是构建人类命运共同体的应有之义。新时代的中国军控，始终秉持全人类共同价值，积极回应各国正当合理的安全关切，致力于推动构建相互尊重、公平正义、合作共赢的新型国际关系，共同建设持久和平、普遍安全、共同繁荣、开放包容、清洁美丽的世界。

Building a community with a shared future for humanity. Humanity is both a community with a shared future and an indivisible security community. Safeguarding world peace and security and promoting global strategic balance and stability are key missions of arms control, disarmament, and nonproliferation, and also an inherent part of building a community with a shared future for humanity. China has always upheld the common values of all humanity in its arms control endeavors in the new era, and has actively responded to the legitimate and reasonable security concerns of all countries. It is committed to building a new type of international relations characterized by mutual respect, fairness, justice, and win-win cooperation, and working together with other countries to build an open, inclusive, clean and beautiful world of lasting peace, universal security, and shared prosperity.

积极践行全球安全倡议。全球安全倡议旨在消弭国际冲突根源、完善全球安全治理，为解决当前人类社会面临的安全挑战贡献了中国智慧、中国方案。新时代的中国军控，始终秉持团结精神和共赢思维，积极践行共同、综合、合作、可持续的安全观，将是否有利于促进全球战略稳定，有利于营造公道正义、共建共享的安全格局作为政策着眼点，统筹考虑军控对战略平衡与稳定的促进作用，着力发挥维护安全与限制战争的功能，建设性推进国际军控进程。

Actively promoting the Global Security Initiative. This initiative seeks to address the root causes of international conflicts and strengthen global security governance. It offers China's vision and solutions to the security challenges confronting humanity. Founded on a spirit of solidarity and a win-win mindset, China's arms control in the new era manifests a vision of common, comprehensive, cooperative and sustainable security. The focus of its policies is whether they can strengthen global strategic stability and contribute to a fair and just security architecture built by all and for the benefit of all. China will take a holistic view towards the role of arms control in promoting strategic balance and stability, perform its functions in safeguarding security and curbing wars, and constructively advance international arms control.

坚定奉行防御性国防政策。防御性国防政策是中国国防和军队建设的基本准则，决定了新时代中国军控政策的基本立场。中国坚持走和平发展道路，永不称霸、永不扩张、永不谋求势力范围。坚持防御、自卫、后发制人原则，坚定维护国家主权、安全、发展利益。中国坚持走中国特色强军之路，从不参加任何形式的军备竞赛，中国军队的发展壮大始终是世界和平力量的发展壮大。

Firmly pursuing a national defense policy that is defensive in nature. This policy is the fundamental guideline for China's national defense and military development. It defines the basic position of the country's arms control policy in the new era. China remains committed to peaceful development and will never seek hegemony or expansion, or seek to build spheres of influence. Founded on commitments to defense, self-defense, and striking only after being attacked, China is resolute in safeguarding its sovereignty, security, and development interests. It stays committed to the Chinese path to building a strong military and never engages in any form of arms race. A stronger Chinese military always adds strength to the world's peaceful forces.

保持公开透明、合理适度的国防支出。中国坚持国防建设和经济建设协调发展方针，合理确定国防支出规模。与美国等军事大国相比，中国的国防支出无论是占国内生产总值的比重、占国家财政支出的比重，还是国民人均国防支出、军人人均国防支出等都是比较低的。中国积极参加联合国军费透明制度，预算规模、结构、基本用途等都公开透明。自2007年起，每年向“联合国军事开支标准报告制度”提交上一财政年度军事开支报告。

Maintaining open, transparent, reasonable and appropriate national defense spending. China determines its defense expenditure at a reasonable level in accordance with the policy of coordinating development in national defense and economic growth. Compared with the United States and other countries with a strong military, China's defense spending remains relatively low in terms of its share of GDP, as a proportion of total fiscal expenditure, and on both a per capita and per-service-member basis. China actively participates in the UN's transparency mechanisms on military expenditures, and ensures transparency regarding the scale, structure, and fundamental purposes of its military budget. Since 2007, it has submitted annual reports on its military expenditures for the previous fiscal year to the UN Report on Military Expenditures.

秉持公正、合作、平衡、有效的军控理念。中国坚持公平正义，始终根据事情本身的是非曲直决定立场和政策，坚定维护以联合国宪章宗旨和原则为基础的国际关系基本准则，公正、合理、非歧视地处理国际军控与防扩散问题，反对政治胁迫、例外主义和双重标准。坚持合作共赢，倡导真正的多边主义，推动平等互利国际合作，通过政治和外交手段实现军控与防扩散目标。坚持综合平衡，兼顾传统与新兴领域，标本兼治、综合应对全球安全挑战，统筹处理错综复杂的军控事务；尊重各国基本权利与发展需要、平衡防扩散与和平利用，反对泛化国家安全概念、滥用出口管制措施、限制发展中国家和平利用和正当发展权利。坚持务实有效，坚定维护国际军控与防扩散体系权威性、普遍性和有效性，以各方均能接受的方式理性务实、循序渐进地推动国际军控和防扩散进程，反对抛开联合国平台“另起炉灶”。

Upholding the principles of justice, cooperation, balance and effectiveness in arms control. China is committed to fairness and justice. It considers issues on their own merits and decides its position and policies accordingly. China firmly safeguards the basic norms governing international relations based on the purposes and principles of the UN Charter, addresses international arms control and nonproliferation issues in a just, reasonable and nondiscriminatory manner, and opposes political coercion, exceptionalism, and double standards. 

China advocates win-win cooperation, true multilateralism, and equal and mutually beneficial international cooperation. It seeks to achieve arms control and nonproliferation objectives through political and diplomatic means. 

China maintains an overall balance in its approach, emphasizing both conventional and emerging fields. It addresses both the symptoms and root causes of global security threats in a comprehensive manner while coordinating the handling of complex arms control issues. It respects the fundamental rights and development needs of all countries and strives to balance nonproliferation and peaceful utilization. It opposes abusing the concept of national security and export control measures, and exerting restrictions on developing countries' rights to peaceful uses and legitimate development. 

China pursues practical and effective results, and resolutely upholds the authority, universality and effectiveness of international arms control and nonproliferation regimes. It advances international arms control and nonproliferation processes in a rational, practical and step-by-step manner acceptable to all parties, and rejects attempts to replace the UN platform.

深度参与军控领域全球治理。新时代中国军控坚持共商共建共享的全球治理观，主张加强团结协作，反对单边主义，坚定维护联合国地位和权威，切实发挥联合国在全球治理中不可替代的重要作用，倡导建设更加包容的治理框架、更加有效的多边机制、更加积极的国际合作。中国已批准或签署20多个多边军控条约，认真履行条约义务。全面深入参与联合国大会裁军与国际安全委员会（联大一委）、联合国裁军审议委员会（裁审会）、日内瓦裁军谈判会议（裁谈会）等军控机制会议和活动，支持尽早召开第四届裁军特别联大，为维护和加强以联合国为核心的多边机制作出贡献。中国积极开展军控、裁军和防扩散领域国际合作，加强双多边沟通交流，与20多个国家和国际组织建立了军控与防扩散磋商机制，增进理解互信。

Extensively engaging in the global governance of arms control. In the new era, China's approach to arms control is guided by the vision of global governance characterized by extensive consultation and joint contribution for shared benefit. China calls for stronger solidarity and cooperation, opposes unilateralism, firmly upholds the status and authority of the UN, and supports the UN in playing an indispensable role in global governance. It advocates for a more inclusive governance framework, more effective multilateral mechanisms, and more proactive international cooperation. It has ratified or signed over 20 multilateral arms control treaties and strictly complies with their obligations.

China has been fully and deeply involved in meetings and activities under the arms control mechanism, including those hosted by the Disarmament and International Security (First Committee) of the UN General Assembly, the UN Disarmament Commission (UNDC), and the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva (CD); it also supports the early convening of the Fourth Special Session of the UN General Assembly Devoted to Disarmament. All these have contributed to safeguarding and strengthening UN-centered multilateral mechanisms. 

China also promotes international cooperation in arms control, disarmament, and nonproliferation, and facilitates bilateral and multilateral exchanges. It has established arms control and nonproliferation consultation mechanisms with over 20 countries and international organizations to foster mutual understanding and trust.

三、建设性参与国际军控进程

III. Playing a Constructive Role in International Arms Control

中国作为联合国安理会常任理事国，积极维护国际军控机制的权威性和有效性，建设性参与核、生物、化学等领域多边军控进程，认真履行国际军控条约，为国际军控事业作出了应有的贡献。

As a permanent member of the UN Security Council, China has actively safeguarded the authority and effectiveness of the international arms control regime, played a constructive role in multilateral arms control in the nuclear, biological, chemical and other fields, and conscientiously performed its duties prescribed by international arms control treaties, making its due contribution to international arms control.

（一）核军控

1. Nuclear Arms Control

核武器是悬在人类头上的“达摩克利斯之剑”，核军控是维护全球战略稳定的重要保证，事关人类安全与发展利益。当前，全球核博弈形势严峻复杂，核军备竞赛风险上升，核军控面临挑战。中国多次重申，核武器用不得、核战争打不得。从拥有核武器第一天起，中国就倡导全面禁止和彻底销毁核武器，承诺在任何时候和任何情况下不首先使用核武器，无条件承诺不对无核武器国家和无核武器区使用或威胁使用核武器。中国坚定维护国际核裁军和核不扩散体系，忠实履行《不扩散核武器条约》各项义务，努力促进条约平衡推进核裁军、防止核武器扩散、促进和平利用核能三大目标。

Nuclear weapons are the sword of Damocles hanging over the head of humanity. Nuclear arms control is an important guarantee of global strategic stability and is integral to the security and development interests of all. Currently, nuclear arms control is facing challenges, as global nuclear strategic rivalries are becoming more intense and complex, and the risk of a nuclear arms race is growing. 

China has reiterated on numerous occasions that nuclear weapons must never be used and that a nuclear war must never be fought. From the day it came into possession of these weapons, China has advocated their complete prohibition and thorough destruction. China has always remained committed to the principle of no-first-use of nuclear weapons at any time and under any circumstances, and unconditionally undertakes not to use or threaten to use nuclear weapons against non-nuclear-weapon states or nuclear-weapon-free zones. 

China has resolutely safeguarded the international nuclear disarmament and nonproliferation regimes, fulfilled its obligations to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and promoted balanced progress in the Treaty's three pillars – nuclear disarmament, nonproliferation, and peaceful uses of nuclear energy.

1. 核政策

(1) Nuclear policy

坚定恪守不首先使用核武器政策，坚持自卫防御核战略。中国发展核武器是在特殊历史时期为应对核威胁与核讹诈、打破核垄断、防止核战争被迫作出的战略性选择，不是为了威胁别国，而是为了防御和自卫。中国从未动用核武器威胁任何国家，从未在外国领土上部署核武器，不为别国提供核保护伞。无论是数次面临核威胁、核讹诈的冷战时期，还是面临复杂国际安全形势和严峻战略安全威胁的今天，中国始终恪守不首先使用核武器政策，仍然坚定奉行自卫防御核战略，推动核力量现代化旨在保障国家战略安全，维护全球战略稳定。这一政策立场在所有核武器国家中最具稳定性、连续性和可预见性，是中国对国际核军控事业的重大贡献。

Upholding a firm commitment to a policy of no-first-use of nuclear weapons and a nuclear strategy of self-defense. China was compelled to make the strategic choice to develop nuclear weapons at a particular point in history to deal with nuclear threats and blackmail, break the existing nuclear monopoly, and prevent nuclear wars. China's nuclear weapons are not intended to threaten other countries, but for defense and self-protection. China has never used nuclear weapons to threaten other countries nor deployed nuclear weapons outside its own territories, and has never provided a nuclear umbrella for other countries. 

Whether confronted with nuclear threats or blackmail during the Cold War, or in a complex international security environment with growing strategic security threats at present, China has always committed to its policy of no-first-use of nuclear weapons, firmly upheld a nuclear strategy of self-defense, and promoted the modernization of its nuclear forces to safeguard China's own strategic security and overall global strategic stability. China's greatest contribution to international nuclear arms control lies in the fact that it has the most stable, consistent and predictable nuclear policy among all nuclear-weapon states.

始终把核力量维持在国家安全需要的最低水平。中国在核武器的规模和发展方面始终采取极为克制的态度，从不与其他国家比投入、比数量、比规模，今后也不会与任何国家搞核军备竞赛。中国在核武器国家中核试验次数最少，并关停了重庆、青海等地的核武器研制生产设施，彰显了中国不追求核军备竞赛的态度与行动。中国按照精干有效的原则建设核力量体系，提高战略预警、指挥控制、导弹突防、快速反应和生存防护能力，确保核武器安全性、可靠性、有效性，慑止他国对中国使用或威胁使用核武器。

Keeping China's nuclear capabilities at the minimum level required for national security. China has always exercised the utmost restraint regarding the scale and development of its nuclear weapons. It never has and never will engage in any nuclear arms race with any other country in terms of level of expenditure, quantity, or scale of nuclear weapons. In order to demonstrate its determination to avoid provoking a nuclear arms race, China has conducted the smallest number of nuclear tests among all nuclear-weapon states, and has closed down its nuclear weapon research and production facilities in areas including Chongqing and Qinghai. 

In building a lean and effective nuclear force system, China is improving its capabilities in strategic early warning, command and control, missile penetration, and rapid response, as well as its survivability, in order to ensure the safety, security, reliability and effectiveness of its nuclear weapons and deter other countries from using or threatening to use nuclear weapons against China.

高度重视核武器管理安全、使用安全和有效控制。中国采取严格法规制度和可靠技术手段，对核武器储存、运输、训练等环节实行全流程安全管理，能够有效防止核导弹的非授权发射和意外发射，确保核力量保持在绝对安全和绝对可靠的状态。中国核力量的指挥权高度集中、指挥流程精干高效，始终确保部队极端严格、绝对准确地执行中央军委命令。

Attaching great importance to the safe management and use and effective control of nuclear weapons. China has strict laws and regulations and reliable technical means to implement safety management throughout the entire process of nuclear weapons storage, transportation and training. These effectively prevent any risk of an unauthorized or accidental launch of nuclear missiles, and ensure that the nuclear force is kept absolutely safe and reliable. The command of nuclear forces in China is highly centralized under a streamlined and efficient process, which ensures that unit operations are carried out in the strictest and most accurate compliance with the orders of the Central Military Commission.

采取核透明、建立信任与减少风险措施。中国主张，核透明应有助于增进战略互信，充分考虑各国安全环境和安全利益，根据国情自愿实施。当前国际安全形势下，意图和政策的透明最有现实意义。中国坚定走和平发展道路，奉行自卫防御的核战略，不会首先使用核武器，这是最具现实意义的透明举措。1995年至今，中国先后发布了2部军控白皮书、10部国防白皮书，提交6份《不扩散核武器条约》国家履约报告，明确阐述中国的核政策、核战略、核力量发展等情况。中国在建立信任措施方面采取一系列行动，自愿就发射弹道导弹等情况及时通报有关国家，与俄罗斯签署了《关于相互通报发射弹道导弹和航天运载火箭的协定》。2024年9月，中国向太平洋海域发射1枚洲际弹道导弹，主动提前通报相关国家。

Adopting nuclear transparency, confidence-building, and risk reduction measures. China maintains that nuclear transparency should be conducive to strategic mutual trust, take full account of the security environment and interests of each country, and be implemented by themselves voluntarily in accordance with their national conditions. Given the current international security situation, transparency in intentions and policies is of the most practical significance. China firmly follows a path of peaceful development, pursues a nuclear strategy of self-defense, and commits to a no-first-use policy on nuclear weapons. This is the most practical measure of transparency. Since 1995, China has published two white papers on arms control and 10 on national defense, and submitted six national reports on the implementation of the NPT, explaining China's nuclear policy and strategy as well as the development of its nuclear capabilities. 

China has taken a number of confidence-building measures. It has voluntarily notified relevant countries of ballistic missile launches, and signed the Agreement on Notifications of Ballistic Missile and Carrier Rocket Launches with Russia. In September 2024, China notified relevant countries in advance of launching an intercontinental ballistic missile into the Pacific Ocean.

核武器国家核力量、核政策及所处安全环境存在巨大差异，不存在普遍适用的减少风险措施。中国主张将预防危机放在首位，反对一边煽动对抗、制造危机，一边鼓吹减少核风险的虚伪做法。核武器国家应放弃以首先使用核武器为核心的核威慑政策，降低核武器在国家和集体安全政策中的作用，切实减少核风险。

Due to the vast differences between nuclear-weapon states in their nuclear forces and policies, and in their security environment, there are no measures to reduce nuclear risks that can be universally applied. China advocates prioritizing crisis prevention and opposes the hypocritical approach of inciting confrontation and creating crises while calling for the reduction of nuclear risks. Nuclear-weapon states should effectively reduce the nuclear risks by abandoning the policy of aggressive nuclear deterrence based on the first use of nuclear weapons and reducing the role of nuclear weapons in their national and collective security policies.

推动五核国机制发挥作用。五核国机制是核武器国家维护《不扩散核武器条约》体系的重要平台，也是加强战略沟通、增进战略互信的重要机制。2019年1月，中国举办五核国北京会议，重启陷入僵局的五核国合作进程。2022年1月，中国推动五核国领导人发表《关于防止核战争与避免军备竞赛的联合声明》，重申“核战争打不赢也打不得”理念。中国牵头合作编制完成两版《五核国核术语》，促进五国凝聚共识、增进互信、消除误解、防止误判，为国际社会提供有益参考。2024年8月至2025年8月，中国再次担任五核国机制协调员，推动五国加强核政策沟通和战略互信。

Promoting the effective operation of the P5 mechanism. The P5 (the five nuclear-weapon states recognized by the NPT who are also the five permanent members of the UN Security Council) mechanism is an important platform enabling the five states to safeguard the architecture of the NPT, and a significant mechanism to strengthen strategic communication and mutual trust. In January 2019, China hosted the P5 Beijing Conference which restarted the cooperation process that had reached a deadlock. In January 2022, China promoted the issuance of the Joint Statement of the Leaders of the Five Nuclear-Weapon States on Preventing Nuclear War and Avoiding Arms Races, reiterating the view that a nuclear war cannot be won and must never be fought. China has taken the lead in compiling two editions of the P5 Glossary of Key Nuclear Terms with other P5 members, which provide a valuable reference for the international community by promoting greater consensus and mutual trust, dispelling misunderstandings, and avoiding misjudgment between the five countries. From August 2024 to August 2025, China served as P5 coordinator again, working to promote greater communication about nuclear policies and strategic mutual trust among the five states.

2. 核裁军

(2) Nuclear disarmament

秉持公正合理、理性务实的核裁军理念。中国倡议，所有核武器国家应公开承诺不寻求永远拥有核武器，就全面禁止和彻底销毁核武器缔结法律文书。核裁军应坚持“维护全球战略稳定”和“各国安全不受减损”原则，采取公正合理、逐步削减、向下平衡的步骤，循序渐进加以推进。拥有最大核武库的国家应继续履行核裁军特殊、优先责任，以可核查、不可逆和具有法律约束力的方式，进一步大幅、实质削减核武库，为最终实现全面、彻底核裁军创造条件。在条件成熟时，所有核武器国家都应加入多边核裁军谈判进程。

Upholding a fair and reasonable, rational and pragmatic approach to nuclear disarmament. China advocates that all nuclear-weapon states should make an unequivocal commitment not to seek permanent possession of nuclear weapons, and seek to conclude a legal instrument on the complete prohibition and thorough destruction of such weapons. Nuclear disarmament should be a just and reasonable process of gradual reduction towards a downward balance that maintains global strategic stability and undiminished security for all, and should be proceeded in a step-by-step manner. Countries possessing the largest nuclear arsenals should fulfill their special and primary responsibilities for nuclear disarmament and continue to make drastic and substantive reductions in their nuclear arsenals in a verifiable, irreversible and legally-binding manner, so as to create the conditions for complete and thorough nuclear disarmament. When conditions are ripe, all nuclear-weapon states should join the multilateral nuclear disarmament negotiation process.

坚定支持《全面禁止核试验条约》宗旨和目标。自1996年9月首批签署条约以来，中国始终恪守“暂停核试验”承诺，支持条约早日生效，积极推进国内履约筹备工作。2016年12月以来，兰州、广州、北京等5个核素和地震台站通过核证验收。2025年8月，昆明次声台站通过核证验收。中国举办“国家数据中心”研讨会、参加现场视察等相关活动，支持条约核查机制建设，与条约组织筹委会保持良好合作。

Firmly supporting the purposes and objectives of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). Being one of the first to sign the Treaty in September 1996, China has always honored its commitment to the moratorium on nuclear testing, supported the early entry into force of the Treaty, and promoted domestic preparatory work for its implementation. Since December 2016, five radionuclide and seismic stations in cities including Lanzhou, Guangzhou and Beijing have been certified. In August 2025, the Kunming infrasound station was certified. China has hosted National Data Center Workshops, participated in on-site inspections and other related activities, supported the development of the Treaty's verification mechanism, and maintained good cooperation with the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO).

持续参与“禁止生产核武器用易裂变材料条约”问题的讨论。日内瓦裁军谈判会议是谈判“禁止生产核武器用易裂变材料条约”（“禁产条约”）的唯一适当场所。中国支持在达成全面、平衡工作计划及各关键方普遍参与基础上，按照“香农报告”所载授权谈判缔结一项非歧视的、多边的、可国际有效核查的“禁产条约”。建设性参与联合国“禁产条约”高级别专家筹备组、裁谈会有关讨论。

Engaging in deliberations on a Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty (FMCT). The CD is the only appropriate forum for negotiating a treaty banning the production of fissile materials for nuclear weapons. China supports negotiating and concluding a multilateral, nondiscriminatory, and internationally verifiable FMCT on the basis of agreeing a comprehensive and balanced program of work and the universal participation of all key stakeholders in accordance with the Shannon Report and the mandate contained therein. China has played a constructive role in related deliberations of both the UN FMCT High-level Expert Preparatory Group and the CD.

呼吁并推动互不首先使用核武器。采取不首先使用核武器政策是降低核武器在国家安全政策中作用、推动实现核裁军的实际行动。中国、法国、俄罗斯、英国、美国五个核武器国家就互不首先使用核武器达成共识，有助于减少战略风险、避免核军备竞赛，促进全球战略平衡与稳定。1994年1月，中国向其他四个核武器国家提交了“互不首先使用核武器条约”草案。同年，中俄宣布互不首先使用核武器和互不将战略核武器瞄准对方。1998年6月，中美宣布互不以核武器瞄准对方。2000年5月，中国推动五核国发表联合声明，宣布其核武器没有瞄准任何国家。2024年7月，中国向《不扩散核武器条约》第十一次审议大会第二次筹备委员会提交工作文件，再次呼吁核武器国家缔结“互不首先使用核武器条约”或就此达成政治声明。

Calling for and promoting mutual no-first-use of nuclear weapons. The adoption of a no-first-use policy is a practical move to reduce the role of nuclear weapons in national security policies and achieve the goal of nuclear disarmament. If the five nuclear-weapon states – China, France, Russia, the UK, and the US – could reach a consensus on mutual no-first-use of nuclear weapons, it would be conducive to reducing strategic risks, avoiding nuclear arms races, and promoting global strategic balance and stability. 

In January 1994, China submitted a draft treaty on mutual no-first-use of nuclear weapons to the other four states. In the same year, China and Russia declared that they would not make first use of their nuclear weapons or target their strategic nuclear weapons at each other. In June 1998, China and the US declared that they would not target their nuclear weapons at each other. In May 2000, China promoted the declaration of a joint statement of the five nuclear-weapon states that their nuclear weapons would not be targeted at any state. In July 2024, China submitted a working paper to the second session of the Preparatory Committee for the Eleventh Review Conference of the Parties to the NPT, and once again called on nuclear-weapon states to conclude a treaty on mutual no-first-use of nuclear weapons or to issue a political statement to that effect.

积极回应无核武器国家在安全保证方面的合理诉求。中国主张，所有核武器国家都应承诺无条件不对无核武器国家和无核武器区使用或威胁使用核武器。1995年4月，中国发表声明重申无条件向所有无核武器国家提供消极安全保证，并承诺向这些国家提供积极安全保证。2000年5月，中国与其他核武器国家发表联合声明，重申了在联合国安理会第984号决议中作出的安全保证承诺。2024年7月，中国向《不扩散核武器条约》第十一次审议大会第二次筹备委员会提交工作文件，主张尽早谈判缔结向无核武器国家无条件提供消极安全保证的国际法律文书。

Actively responding to the legitimate concerns of non-nuclear-weapon states on security assurances. China maintains that all nuclear-weapon states should undertake not to use or threaten to use nuclear weapons against non-nuclear-weapon states and nuclear-weapon-free zones under any circumstances. In April 1995, China issued a statement reiterating its unconditional provision of negative security assurances to all non-nuclear-weapon states and its commitment to offer them positive security assurances. In May 2000, China and the other nuclear-weapon states issued a joint statement reaffirming their security-assurance commitments under UN Security Council Resolution 984 (1995). In July 2024, China submitted a working paper to the second session of the Preparatory Committee for the Eleventh Review Conference of the Parties to the NPT and advocated early negotiations on and the conclusion of an international legal instrument on unconditional negative security assurances to non-nuclear-weapon states.

3. 核不扩散

(3) Nuclear nonproliferation

推动政治外交解决核不扩散问题。中国主张，各国应摒弃冷战思维，充分尊重彼此合理安全关切，通过政治与外交手段和平解决核武器扩散关切，消除核武器扩散根源。中国始终认为对话协商是解决伊朗核问题的正道，并建设性参与相关谈判，推动于2015年7月达成伊朗核问题全面协议。中国将继续坚持客观公正立场，积极劝和促谈，推动伊朗核问题政治外交解决进程，反对诉诸武力和非法制裁。中国在朝鲜半岛问题上秉持公正立场和正确方向，始终致力于朝鲜半岛和平、稳定和繁荣，始终致力于朝鲜半岛问题政治解决进程。中国呼吁有关方停止威慑施压，重启对话谈判，为推动政治解决、实现朝鲜半岛长治久安发挥建设性作用。

Promoting the settlement of nuclear nonproliferation issue through political and diplomatic efforts. China holds that all countries should abandon the Cold War mentality, fully respect each other's legitimate security concerns, promote peaceful settlement of the concerns of nuclear nonproliferation through political and diplomatic means, and eliminate the root causes of nuclear-weapons proliferation. 

China always maintains that dialogue and consultation are the right solution to the Iranian nuclear issue. It has constructively participated in related negotiations, and in July 2015 it facilitated the conclusion of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action on the Iranian nuclear issue. China will maintain an objective and impartial stance, actively promote peace talks, facilitate the settlement of the Iranian nuclear issue through political and diplomatic means, and oppose the use of force or illegal sanctions. 

With regard to the Korean Peninsula issue, China adopts an impartial stance and adheres to the right approach of always working for the peace, stability and prosperity of the peninsula and the resolution of the Korean Peninsula issue through political means. China calls on relevant parties to desist from an approach based on aggressive deterrence and coercion, restart dialogue and negotiations, and play a constructive role in resolving the Korean Peninsula issue through political means and realizing lasting peace and stability in the peninsula.

坚决反对在核不扩散领域奉行双重标准，将地缘政治私利凌驾于国际核不扩散体系之上。美英澳核潜艇合作涉及核武器国家首次向无核武器国家转让核潜艇动力堆及大量武器级高浓铀，明显违反《不扩散核武器条约》目标和宗旨，严重破坏国际核不扩散体系。中国主张，相关保障监督安排应由国际原子能机构成员国通过政府间进程深入讨论，协商一致作出决定。中国坚决反对“核共享”与“延伸威慑”等削弱国际核不扩散体系的行为，敦促有关国家放弃在境外部署核武器。

Firmly opposing double standards on nuclear nonproliferation and the practice of favoring geopolitical interests over the international nuclear nonproliferation regime. The nuclear submarine cooperation between the US, the UK, and Australia involves the first transfer of naval nuclear propulsion reactors and weapons-grade highly enriched uranium from nuclear-weapon states to a non-nuclear-weapon state. This apparently runs counter to the object and purpose of the NPT and severely undermines the international nuclear nonproliferation regime. China maintains that relevant safeguards arrangements should be thoroughly discussed by member states of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) through an intergovernmental process, and decisions should be made by consensus. China firmly opposes nuclear sharing, extended deterrence, and other arrangements that undermine the international nuclear nonproliferation regime, and urges relevant countries to stop deploying nuclear weapons abroad.

尊重和支持建立无核武器区努力。中国尊重和支持有关国家和地区在自行协商、自愿协议的基础上，建立无核武器区或无大规模杀伤性武器区的努力。核武器国家应尊重无核武器区的地位并承担相应的义务。中国签署并批准了《拉丁美洲和加勒比禁止核武器条约》第二附加议定书，《南太平洋无核区条约》第二、第三议定书，《非洲无核武器区条约》第一、第二议定书及《中亚无核武器区条约》议定书。坚定支持东盟国家建立无核武器区的努力，愿率先签署《东南亚无核武器区条约》议定书。尊重和欢迎蒙古国的无核武器地位。支持建立中东无核及其他大规模杀伤性武器区努力，2019年至2024年期间以观察员身份建设性参加了五届建立中东无核及其他大规模杀伤性武器区会议。

Respecting and supporting efforts to establish nuclear-weapon-free zones. China respects and supports the efforts of relevant countries and regions to establish nuclear-weapon-free zones or zones free of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) on the basis of their own consultations and voluntary agreements. Nuclear-weapon states should respect the status of nuclear-weapon-free zones and assume their corresponding obligations. China has signed and ratified the Additional Protocol II to the Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean, the Protocols II and III to the South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Treaty, the Protocols I and II to the African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty, and the Protocol to the Treaty on a Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone in Central Asia. China firmly supports the efforts of ASEAN countries to establish a nuclear-weapon-free zone, and stands ready to take the lead in signing the Protocol to the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone. China respects and welcomes the nuclear-weapon-free status of Mongolia. China supports similar efforts in the Middle East, and has constructively participated as an observer in the five sessions of the Conference on the Establishment of a Middle East Zone Free of Nuclear Weapons and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction from 2019 to 2024.

4. 和平利用核能

(4) Peaceful uses of nuclear energy

积极开展和平利用核能国际合作。中国始终认为，防止核武器扩散的努力不应损害各国、特别是发展中国家和平利用核能的正当权利。中国反对将和平利用核能政治化，干扰和限制正常的国际合作。中国积极拓展核领域双边和多边合作的广度和深度，推动核能成果普惠共享，与各国分享技术和经验，贡献资源和平台，支持发展中国家和平利用核能事业，助力实现联合国2030年可持续发展目标，促进核能和平利用造福全人类。与30余个国家和地区签订政府间和平利用核能合作协定，向全球南方国家派出专家服务4000余人次，接待来华访问进修和培训6000余人次。

Actively conducting international cooperation on the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. China always maintains that efforts to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons should not impede the legitimate rights of all countries, and in particular developing countries, to use nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. China opposes the politicization of peaceful uses of nuclear energy which may disrupt and restrict normal international cooperation. China has actively explored broader and deeper bilateral and multilateral nuclear cooperation, and promoted inclusive sharing of nuclear energy benefits. It has shared its technologies and experience with other countries, provided resources and platforms, and supported other developing countries in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, all while supporting the realization of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and promoting the peaceful uses of nuclear energy for the benefit of humanity. China has signed intergovernmental cooperation agreements on the peaceful uses of nuclear energy with more than 30 countries and regions, sent experts on more than 4,000 trips to serve countries in the Global South, and provided training sessions with over 6,000 recorded attendances from abroad. 

坚持理性、协调、并进的核安全观，推动建立公平、合作、共赢的国际核安全体系。中国坚持法律规范、行政监管、行业自律、技术保障、人才支撑、文化引领、社会参与等方面多措并举，构建严密的核安全责任体系，确保核与辐射安全，长期保持良好核安全记录。遵守《核安全公约》、《核材料实物保护公约》及其修正案、《制止核恐怖主义行为国际公约》等国际法，认真履行核安全国际义务，支持国际原子能机构发挥积极作用，帮助发展中国家提高核安全与核安保能力，推动打击核恐怖主义国际合作，切实防范非国家实体获取敏感核材料，反对以任何方式攻击核电站等和平核设施。核恐怖主义是全人类公敌，核安全事件的影响超越国界，所有国家都要参与到核安全事务中来，以开放包容的精神，努力打造核安全命运共同体。

Adhering to a rational, coordinated and balanced approach to nuclear safety and security and building a fair, collaborative, and mutually beneficial international nuclear security system. China has synergized multiple elements such as legal norms, administrative regulation, industry self-discipline, technical support, personnel support, cultural guidance, and public participation to build a robust accountability system for nuclear safety. This system has ensured nuclear and radiation safety and maintained a sound long-term nuclear safety record. 

China has abided by the Convention on Nuclear Safety, the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material and its Amendment, the International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism, and other international laws, fulfilled its international obligations, and supported the IAEA in playing an active role. It has helped other developing countries improve their nuclear safety and security capabilities, promoted international cooperation on combating nuclear terrorism, and prevented the acquisition of sensitive nuclear materials by non-state entities. China opposes any kind of attack on peaceful nuclear facilities, including nuclear power plants. Nuclear terrorism is an enemy of all humanity, and the impact of nuclear security incidents transcends national borders. All countries should engage in nuclear security affairs and adopt an open and inclusive spirit to forge a community with a shared future on nuclear security.

（二）导弹与反导

2. Missiles and Missile Defense

导弹与反导问题事关全球战略平衡与稳定。冷战结束后，个别国家退出《反导条约》和《中导条约》①，发展全球战略反导能力，刻意模糊导弹防御与战略进攻界限，挑动大国对抗，严重破坏战略互信，增加战略风险，危害全球和地区安全稳定。中国始终从维护全球战略稳定和增进各国战略互信出发，慎重处理导弹与反导相关问题。

The issue of missiles and missile defense has a significant impact on global strategic balance and stability. After the Cold War, a certain country withdrew from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM Treaty) and the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF Treaty)① and developed global strategic missile defense capabilities, blurring the line between missile defense and strategic offense on purpose and stirring up confrontation among major countries. This has severely undermined strategic mutual trust, increased strategic risks, and damaged global and regional security and stability. China has always addressed issues related to missiles and missile defense from the perspective of maintaining global strategic stability and improving mutual trust.

坚决反对损害别国正当安全利益的反导和导弹部署。个别国家寻求绝对安全，不受限制地推进“金穹”全球反导系统，谋求在外空部署武器，严重威胁外空安全；推进中导系统在亚太、欧洲前沿部署，依托军事同盟体系扩散相关武器系统及技术，严重破坏全球战略平衡与稳定。中国对此坚决反对，敦促个别国家停止发展和部署全球反导系统，停止导弹等进攻性武器前沿部署。对于威胁和损害中国核心利益的行径，中国必将予以坚决反制。

Firmly opposing the deployment of missiles and missile defense systems that undermine the legitimate security interests of other countries. In pursuit of absolute security, this certain country has advanced the Golden Dome global missile defense system without restraint and sought to deploy weapons in outer space, severely threatening outer space security. It has promoted the forward deployment of intermediate-range missile systems in the Asia-Pacific region and Europe and leveraged the military alliance system to facilitate the proliferation of related weapon systems and technologies, undermining the global strategic balance and stability. China firmly opposes such arrangements and urges the country to stop the development and deployment of global missile defense systems, and to cease the forward deployment of offensive weapons including missiles. China will resolutely counter any acts that threaten or undermine its core interests.

出于自卫防御需要适度发展导弹技术。中国幅员辽阔，面临复杂多变的安全环境，维护安全、保卫主权和遏制战争，需要建设相应的现代化军事装备与力量。中国发展导弹技术和反导能力，完全出于自卫防御目的，不针对任何国家和地区。

Properly developing missile technologies for self-defense. China has a vast territory and must deal with a complex and volatile security environment. To safeguard its security and sovereignty and deter wars, China requires modern military equipment and capabilities adapted to its conditions and needs. China's development of missile technologies and missile defense capabilities is motivated exclusively by self-defense and does not target any country or region.

（三）生物安全

3. Biosecurity

生物安全没有国界，关乎全人类生命健康和全世界共同利益。当前，传统生物安全和新型生物安全风险叠加，新型生物科技误用和谬用风险加大，国际生物安全形势更加复杂。中国认真履行相关国际条约，深度参与全球生物安全治理，坚决反对生物武器及其运载工具和技术扩散，坚决打击生物恐怖主义，积极促进生物技术和平利用。

Biosecurity knows no borders. Its impact on the lives and health of humanity and the common interests of the world is of critical importance. At present, traditional and emerging biosecurity risks are compounded, and new biotechnologies face greater risks of misuse and abuse, creating a more complex international biosecurity situation. 

China has earnestly implemented relevant international treaties and thoroughly engaged in global biosecurity governance. It firmly opposes the proliferation of biological weapons, their means of delivery, and all related technologies. It resolutely combats bioterrorism and actively promotes the peaceful uses of biotechnologies.

主动落实生物领域履约和防扩散责任。中国将生物安全纳入国家安全战略，制定实施《中华人民共和国生物安全法》，不断推进治理体系和治理能力现代化，促进生物安全机制和能力建设。中国一贯全面、严格履行包括《禁止生物武器公约》②在内的国际义务，不断加强履约机制建设，建立了由外交部、国防部、科技部、公安部、农业农村部、国家卫生健康委、中国科学院等机构组成的国家履约机制，指定外交部作为国家履约联络点。中国坚决反对生物武器及其运载工具和技术的扩散，不断加强生物两用物项的出口管制。

Taking the initiative to fulfill its treaty obligations and prevent proliferation in the biological field. China has included biosecurity in its national security strategy and enacted and enforced the Biosecurity Law of the People's Republic of China. It continues to modernize its governance system and capacity, and strengthen its biosecurity institutions and capacity building. China always fully and rigorously fulfills its international obligations, including those under the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC)②. In the process of consistently improving national implementation of the Convention, it has established a mechanism involving the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of National Defense, the Ministry of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Public Security, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, the National Health Commission, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and other institutions, with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs designated as the National Contact Point. China resolutely opposes the proliferation of bioweapons, their means of delivery, and all related technologies, and continues to reinforce export controls over dual-use biological items.

积极引领全球生物安全治理。中国坚定支持《禁止生物武器公约》宗旨和目标，支持全面加强公约机制，主张谈判缔结包含有效核查机制、具有法律约束力的议定书，增强公约权威性、有效性、普遍性，推动公约在消除生物武器威胁、防止生物武器扩散、促进生物技术和平利用等方面发挥重要作用。从应对生物安全全球性挑战出发，中国支持建立全球性生物军控和生物安全机构，并加强相关国际组织间协调配合。深入参与“指称使用生化武器事件联合国秘书长调查机制”相关活动，向该机制提名专家、实验室，多次牵头开展实验室能力测试活动。加强与上海合作组织、金砖合作机制、东盟、中国－中亚国家等组织和机制对话合作，就维护全球生物安全广泛凝聚共识。

Actively leading the global biosecurity governance. China is firmly committed to the purposes and objectives of the BWC; it supports the strengthening and institutionalization of the Convention in all its aspects, and advocates the conclusion through negotiation of a legally binding protocol with an effective verification mechanism to reinforce the authority, effectiveness, and universality of the Convention. This would ensure that the BWC plays an important role in eliminating bioweapon threats, preventing bioweapon proliferation, and promoting the peaceful uses of biotechnologies. 

To address global biosecurity challenges, China supports the establishment of a dedicated global biological arms control and biosecurity agency and advocates better coordination among relevant international organizations. It participates fully in activities under the UN Secretary-General's Mechanism for Investigation of Alleged Use of Chemical and Biological Weapons (UNSGM), nominates experts and laboratories to the UNSGM roster, and has hosted several laboratory exercises. China continues to strengthen dialogue and cooperation with or within organizations and mechanisms such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), BRICS, ASEAN, and the China-Central Asia mechanism to build a broad consensus on safeguarding global biosecurity. 

积极提供生物安全国际公共产品。2021年7月，中国科学家与国际同行一道，推动达成《科学家生物安全行为准则天津指南》，得到国际科学院组织核可，对实施负责任生物科研、防止生物科技误用谬用起到指引作用。积极帮助发展中国家加强公共卫生体系建设和专业技术人员能力，在亚太、非洲、拉美和加勒比等地区开展传染病防控、卫生应急、检验检疫、医疗技术、生物安全实验室管理、动物卫生与检疫等领域双多边务实合作。延续“南南合作”良好传统，多次举办生物安全实验室管理与技术、传染病和动物疫病防控国际培训班和研讨会，助力发展中国家生物安全人才储备。全方位推进抗击新冠疫情等传染病疫情和动物疫情国际合作，积极提供疫苗和抗疫物资、分享疫情防控和诊疗方案、分享新冠病毒全基因组序列等传染病和动物疫病信息，为全球疫情防控贡献中国力量。

Providing international biosecurity public goods. In July 2021, Chinese scientists, together with their international peers, developed Tianjin Biosecurity Guidelines for Codes of Conduct for Scientists, which has been endorsed by the InterAcademy Partnership and has played a guiding role in ensuring responsible biological research and preventing the misuse and abuse of biotechnologies. 

China actively helps other developing countries to improve their public health systems and their professional expertise. It engages in practical bilateral and multilateral cooperation in Asia-Pacific, Africa, and Latin America and the Caribbean in fields such as communicable disease prevention and control, health emergency response, inspection and quarantine, medical technology, biosafety laboratory management, and animal health and quarantine. Carrying on the great tradition of South-South cooperation, it has helped other developing countries to strengthen their biosecurity talent pools by hosting international seminars and workshops on biosafety laboratories management and techniques and the prevention and control of communicable diseases and animal epidemic diseases. 

China promotes all-round international cooperation on combating Covid-19 and other communicable diseases and animal epidemic diseases. To this end, China has directed its strength to the global epidemic prevention and control effort by providing vaccines and anti-epidemic supplies, sharing solutions to epidemic prevention and control and to diagnosis and treatment, and sharing information on communicable diseases and animal epidemic diseases, including the complete genome sequence of the novel coronavirus.

（四）化学武器

4. Chemical Weapons

《禁止化学武器公约》③对维护国际和地区和平与安全、促进化学科技和平利用发挥了重要作用。目前，遗弃化武、老化武等历史遗留积弊尚存，化武热点问题延宕难解，人工智能等新兴技术融合以及两用化学品安全问题日益突出，化学科技和平利用还未得到充分保障。中国一贯维护《禁止化学武器公约》权威性和有效性，严格履行国际义务，深入参与禁止化学武器组织工作，携手建设“无化武世界”，推动化学领域成就完全用于造福人类。

The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC)③ has played an important role in safeguarding international and regional peace and security and promoting peaceful uses of chemistry. Currently, abandoned and old chemical weapons and other outstanding problems from the past remain; hotspot issues related to chemical weapons persist and are hard to resolve; and the convergence of emerging technologies such as AI and security concerns involving dual-use chemicals are becoming increasingly prominent. Peaceful uses of chemistry are yet to be fully ensured. China has always upheld the authority and effectiveness of the CWC, strictly fulfills its international obligations, and engages thoroughly in the work of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW). It joins forces with others to build a world free of chemical weapons, and helps to ensure that progress in chemistry is used solely for the benefit of humanity.

履行《禁止化学武器公约》责任义务。中国是该公约原始缔约国，积极完善国家履约立法，建立履约工作部际联席会议制度，形成覆盖全国、管理有效的履约体系。中国按时提交各类宣布，是缔约国中宣布工业设施数量和接受工业视察最多的国家。截至2024年底，中国累计接待701次禁止化学武器组织现场视察，其中民用工业设施接受现场视察508次，是首个接受民用工业视察超过500次的缔约国。2023年4月，中国向公约第五次审议大会提交《中华人民共和国关于工业核查问题的立场文件》，推动建立更加科学、合理、高效的全球履约治理体系。

Fulfilling its obligations under the CWC. As an original contracting state party to the CWC, China has put in place a nationwide and effectively managed implementation system by actively improving legislation on national implementation and establishing an inter-ministerial joint meeting mechanism for implementation. It has submitted declarations in a timely manner, has maintained more declared industrial facilities, and received more OPCW inspections than any other state party. By the end of 2024, it had received a total of 701 on-site inspections, 508 of which were of civilian industrial facilities, making it the first state party to receive more than 500 civilian industrial facility inspections. In April 2023, China submitted the Position Paper of the People's Republic of China on Industry Verification to the Fifth Review Conference of the CWC, to promote the establishment of a global implementation governance system that is better structured, more reasonable and more efficient.

坚持以《禁止化学武器公约》为准绳解决化武热点问题。中国坚决反对任何国家、任何组织和任何个人在任何情况下使用化学武器，支持根据公约规定，对可能使用化学武器的事件开展全面、客观、公正的调查，得出经得起历史和事实检验的结论。反对利用化武热点问题进行政治操弄，反对抛弃公约规定的调查机制另起炉灶。

Addressing hotspot chemical weapon issues in accordance with the CWC. China resolutely opposes the use of chemical weapons by any country, any organization, or any individual under any circumstances. It supports comprehensive, objective and impartial investigation – in accordance with the CWC – into incidents which may involve the use of chemical weapons, to reach conclusions which respect facts and will withstand the test of time. It opposes political manipulations using hotspot issues related to chemical weapons as a pretext, and any attempts to start things anew circumventing the investigation mechanism of the CWC.

推动化学科技和平利用国际合作。近年来，中国与不结盟运动推动禁止化学武器组织通过多个促进和平利用国际合作的决定。2023年5月，中国与14个缔约国共同向公约第五次审议大会提交《关于在〈禁止化学武器公约〉框架下促进和平利用国际合作》工作文件，阐述加强化学科技和平利用，取消对发展中国家和平利用化学材料、技术和设备的过度限制等主张。多次与禁止化学武器组织在华举办亚洲地区国家履约机构会议、地区履约研讨会、视察员培训、人工智能赋能化学安全与安保国际研修班、国际化学品综合管理高级培训班等活动，协助缔约国提升履约能力。

Promoting international cooperation on peaceful uses of chemistry. In recent years, together with the Non-Aligned Movement, China has pushed for the adoption of multiple decisions by the OPCW on promoting international cooperation on peaceful uses. In May 2023, China and 14 other state parties jointly submitted to the Fifth Review Conference of the CWC a working paper on Promoting International Cooperation on Peaceful Uses Under the Framework of the CWC. The paper presents proposals on strengthening the peaceful uses of chemistry and removing excessive restrictions on developing countries' use of chemical materials, technologies and equipment for peaceful purposes. 

Together with the OPCW, China has hosted several events, including regional meetings of national authorities in Asia, symposiums on regional implementation, inspectors training sessions, an international workshop on AI and chemical safety and security management, and an advanced training session on comprehensive international management of chemicals, in order to reinforce implementation capacities of state parties.

敦促日本早日干净、彻底销毁日遗化武。第二次世界大战期间，侵华日军公然违反国际法，在中国大量使用化学武器，有确切时间、地点和伤亡记载的就达1791次，共造成中国20多万军民伤亡。日本战败后，为掩盖罪行，将大量化学武器遗弃在中国境内。二战结束以来，日遗化武已造成2000余人中毒伤亡，对中国人民生命财产和生态环境安全造成严重危害。

Urging Japan to thoroughly destroy the chemical weapons it abandoned in China. During World War II, in flagrant violation of international law, invading Japanese troops used chemical weapons on a large scale in China. A total of 1,791 instances of chemical weapon use have been documented with confirmed dates, locations, and casualty records. The resulting casualties exceeded 200,000. After its defeat, Japan abandoned a large quantity of chemical weapons in China to cover up its crimes. Since the end of World War II, these abandoned chemical weapons have resulted in more than 2,000 poisoning casualties, gravely endangered the lives and property of the Chinese people as well as the environment.

《禁止化学武器公约》明确化武遗留国应为销毁遗留化武提供一切必要的财政、技术、专家、设施及其他资源。公约生效后，中日两国政府于1999年、2012年两次就销毁日遗化武签署备忘录，推进销毁进程。由于日方重视不够，投入不足，致使销毁计划四次逾期。日方迄未提供全面、详实、准确的日遗化武线索信息，部分地区挖掘回收进展缓慢，水域、地下探测等技术还存在瓶颈，污染水土处理问题悬而未决。

The CWC clearly stipulates that a state party which has abandoned chemical weapons on the territory of another state party shall provide all necessary financial, technical, expert, facility as well as other resources for the purpose of destroying these weapons. After the CWC entered into force, the governments of China and Japan signed two memorandums, in 1999 and 2012, on destroying the chemical weapons abandoned by Japan, to advance the destruction process. However, due to insufficient attention and input from the Japanese side, the destruction plan has missed four deadlines. To date, the Japanese side has not yet provided comprehensive, detailed and accurate information on the whereabouts of its abandoned chemical weapons. Progress in excavation and recovery in some regions has been slow; there are still technological bottlenecks in underwater and underground detection; and the treatment of contaminated waters and soil remains unresolved.

清除日遗化武毒害既是日方不容推卸的历史、政治和法律责任，也是《禁止化学武器公约》规定的国际义务。中方敦促日方切实承担责任，全面、完整、准确落实销毁计划，加大各方面投入，全力加快日遗化武处理进程，全力搜集并及时向中方提供日遗化武相关信息，积极配合中方做好线索排查和确认工作，并切实承担污染水和土壤处理责任。国际社会应继续关注和支持日遗化武销毁，禁止化学武器组织应切实强化政治审议和监督核查，早日清除日遗化武遗毒，最终实现“无化武世界”愿景。

Destroying its abandoned chemical weapons in China is Japan's unshirkable historical, political and legal responsibility, and also an international obligation stipulated by the CWC. China urges Japan to earnestly shoulder its responsibilities and implement the destruction plan in a comprehensive, complete and accurate manner, increasing all necessary inputs, speeding up the destruction process, doing its utmost to collect and promptly share with China information on the whereabouts of such weapons, actively coordinating with China in searching for and confirming clues, and effectively fulfilling its responsibility for treating contaminated water and soil. The international community should continue to monitor and support the destruction of the chemical weapons abandoned by Japan, and the OPCW should strengthen political review, supervision, and verification to eliminate these pernicious weapons as quickly as possible, ultimately realizing the vision of a world free of chemical weapons. 

（五）常规武器

5. Conventional Weapons

当前，地区武装冲突和动荡频发，恐怖主义、极端主义和跨国有组织犯罪居高不下，常规武器非法转让有增无减，严重影响国际和地区安全稳定。中国坚定支持全球常规武器军控进程，全面参与联合国框架下相关机制，主张在平衡处理各国正当安全需要和人道主义关切的基础上，不断加强和完善常规军控领域的国际法律机制，维护世界持久和平与普遍安全。

Currently, regional armed conflicts and instability are frequent, illicit transfers of conventional weapons are growing, and the incidence of terrorism, extremism, and cross-border organized crimes remains high. All these pose a grave threat to international and regional security and stability. 

In order to safeguard lasting global peace and universal security, China firmly supports global conventional arms control, fully participates in relevant mechanisms within the UN framework, and advocates strengthening and steadily improving international legal mechanisms for conventional arms control on the basis of balancing the legitimate security needs of all countries and humanitarian concerns.

全面支持全球常规武器军控。中国是《特定常规武器公约》④及其五个附加议定书的完全缔约国，一贯忠实履行相关义务。认真落实联合国轻小武器《行动纲领》⑤和《识别和追查非法轻小武器国际文书》⑥，积极开展轻小武器管控国际合作，为推动达成《常规弹药全寿期管理全球框架》作出积极努力。中国支持加强全球枪支管控，2023年10月批准《枪支议定书》⑦，积极参加联合国、世界海关组织、国际刑警组织打击走私枪支行动，并以实际行动支持非洲国家落实“消弭非洲枪声”倡议。坚持向联合国常规武器登记册提交报告，为加强常规武器控制、提高常规武器转让透明度作出积极贡献。

Fully supporting global conventional arms control. As a state party to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW)④ and its five additional protocols, China has always faithfully fulfilled its obligations under the Convention and the protocols. It has diligently implemented the UN PoA on small arms and light weapons⑤ and the International Tracing Instrument⑥, and actively engaged in international cooperation on the management of small arms and light weapons. It has also worked to advance the adoption of the Global Framework for Through-Life Conventional Ammunition Management. 

China supports stronger global efforts on firearms control. It ratified the Firearms Protocol⑦ in October 2023, and actively participates in the firearms trafficking operations of the UN, the World Customs Organization, and Interpol. It has supported African countries in implementing the "Silencing the Guns in Africa" initiative through concrete actions. 

By routinely submitting reports to the UN Register of Conventional Arms, China is making a contribution to stronger control over conventional weapons and greater transparency in their transfers.

积极参与全球武器贸易治理。中国对武器贸易采取慎重负责态度，从严管理军品出口，严格遵守联合国安理会相关决议和自身承担的国际义务。2020年7月，中国正式加入《武器贸易条约》，切实履行条约义务，推动建立规范合理的国际武器贸易秩序。制定并严格遵循军品出口三原则，即有助于接受国的正当自卫能力；不损害有关地区和世界的和平、安全与稳定；不干涉接受国内政。中国只与主权国家开展军贸合作，不向未经政府授权的实体出售武器，明确要求军品接受国提供最终用户和最终用途证明，承诺未经中国同意不向第三方转让从中国进口的军品。

Actively participating in the governance of global arms trade. China adopts a prudent and responsible approach to arms trade. It strictly manages the export of military products and rigorously observes its international obligations and the relevant resolutions of the UN Security Council. In July 2020, China formally acceded to the Arms Trade Treaty. It diligently meets the obligations thereunder and works to advance orderly and rational international arms trade. 

China has formulated and strictly abided by three principles for military exports: that they contribute to the recipient country's legitimate self-defense capability; that they do not undermine the peace, security and stability of the region concerned and the wider world; and that they involve no interference in the recipient country's internal affairs. 

In arms trade cooperation, China engages exclusively with sovereign states and undertakes not to sell weapons to entities with no governmental authorization. It clearly requires recipient countries to provide end-user and end-use certificates and a commitment not to transfer military items imported from China to any third party without China's prior consent.

加强扫雷国际援助与合作。中国高度重视地雷引发的人道主义问题。1998年至今，中国向40多个亚非拉国家提供培训、探扫雷装备、实地扫雷援助、受害者援助及人道主义物资，迄已举办近30期国际人道主义扫雷培训班。中国维和部队在黎巴嫩、刚果（金）、柬埔寨、利比里亚等国成功清除大量地雷和各类未爆弹药共计21600余枚，得到联合国及有关国家高度赞赏。2024年，中国宣布实施“助力非洲摆脱雷患行动”。同年，中国与东盟发布《中国－东盟外长关于加强人道主义扫雷合作的联合声明》，明确了下步合作方向。

Strengthening international assistance and cooperation on mine action. China devotes great attention to humanitarian challenges posed by landmines. Since 1998, it has provided training sessions, mine detection and clearing devices, on-site mine clearing assistance, victim support, and humanitarian supplies to more than 40 Asian, African and Latin American countries, and has held almost 30 international humanitarian mine clearance training sessions. Chinese peacekeeping troops have removed more than 21,600 landmines and unexploded ordnance of various types in Lebanon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Cambodia, and Liberia, earning gratitude from the UN and the countries concerned. In 2024, China announced the launch of its "Action for a Mine-Free Africa". In the same year, China and ASEAN issued the China-ASEAN Foreign Ministers' Joint Statement on Strengthening Humanitarian Mine Action Cooperation, charting the course for future collaboration.

四、引领新兴领域国际安全治理

IV. Leading International Security Governance in Emerging Fields

外空、网络、人工智能等新兴领域是人类发展的新高地、战略安全的新焦点、全球治理的新疆域。中国主张，在各国普遍参与的基础上，发挥联合国主渠道作用，推动形成具有广泛共识的新兴领域全球治理体系框架和标准规范，增强发展中国家代表性和发言权。各国应切实防范应对新兴领域安全风险挑战，促进新兴领域和平利用。个别国家集团制定歧视性、排他性规则标准和行为规范，不能取代普遍接受的国际准则，更不能成为制裁打压别国的借口。

Emerging fields such as outer space, cyberspace, and AI represent new frontiers for human development. They create a new focus of strategic security, and new territories of global governance. China proposes that with the universal participation of all countries, the UN should play a pivotal role in fostering a global governance framework and standards for emerging fields based on broad consensus, while increasing the representation and voice of developing countries. States should take practical measures to prevent security risks, address security challenges, and promote peaceful uses of technologies in emerging fields. The discriminatory and exclusive rules, standards, and codes of conduct formulated by certain country blocs cannot replace universally accepted international norms, still less serve as an excuse for sanctioning and suppressing other nations.

（一）外空安全

1. Outer Space Security

外空的持久和平与安全关乎各国的安全、发展和繁荣，符合全人类福祉和长远利益。中国一贯坚持和平利用外空、维护外空安全，坚定维护以国际法为基础的外空国际秩序，积极参与外空安全国际治理，推动在外空构建人类命运共同体。坚决反对进攻性外空军事政策，反对外空军事同盟，反对外空武器化、战场化和军备竞赛，反对利用商业航天介入他国武装冲突或干涉别国内政。

The lasting peace and security in outer space is of vital importance to the security, development and prosperity of all nations and the wellbeing and long-term interests of humanity. China is always committed to the peaceful uses and the security of outer space. It firmly safeguards the international order in outer space based on international law, actively participates in global governance of outer space security, and advocates the building of a community with a shared future for humanity in the exploration and peaceful use of outer space. It resolutely opposes offensive space military policies, the creation of space military alliances, the weaponization of outer space, any attempt to turn outer space into a new theater of conflict, and any arms race there. It objects to the use of commercial space activities to intervene in other countries' armed conflicts or internal affairs.

倡导外空安全综合治理。开放包容、普遍接受的外空安全规则是推进外空安全治理的关键。中国支持联合国发挥主平台作用，坚持多边主义和综合协调应对，统筹外空军控、外空和平利用、外空长期可持续性等方面，推动形成外空安全综合治理方案，维护各国和平利用外空的共同权益。

Advocating comprehensive governance of outer space security. Outer space security rules that are open, inclusive, and universally-accepted hold the key to strengthening outer space security governance. China supports the UN in playing its role as the main platform in this endeavor – upholding multilateralism, providing comprehensive and harmonized responses to relevant issues, coordinating efforts in arms control and the peaceful uses and sustainable long-term development of outer space, facilitating the formulation of a comprehensive governance framework for outer space security, and ensuring all countries' common rights and interests in the peaceful exploration of outer space.

致力于防止外空军备竞赛。外空军备竞赛构成外空安全最大和最根本威胁，防止外空军备竞赛，是确保外空和平、安宁、可持续性的重要前提。谈判达成外空军控法律文书是防止外空军备竞赛的根本之道。中俄于2008年向裁谈会提交、2014年更新“防止在外空放置武器、对外空物体使用或威胁使用武力条约”草案，推动以此为基础谈判达成外空军控法律文书。2017年和2022年，中国推动联合国成立两届“防止外空军备竞赛”政府专家组，为讨论制定外空军控法律文书作出实质性贡献。中国倡导在外空领域构建人类命运共同体，这一主张得到国际社会广泛支持，连续多年写入联合国大会相关决议。

Working on the prevention of an arms race in outer space. An arms race in outer space constitutes the gravest and most fundamental threat to outer space security. Countering this threat is essential for ensuring peace, stability and sustainability in outer space, and reaching a legally binding instrument on arms control in outer space through negotiation is the fundamental solution. The Chinese-Russian draft of the Treaty on the Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space, the Threat or Use of Force Against Outer Space Objects (PPWT), initially submitted to the CD in 2008 and updated in 2014, formed the basis of the negotiation and conclusion of a legally binding instrument on outer space arms control. China facilitated the establishment of the UN Group of Governmental Experts on Further Practical Measures for the Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space in 2017, and again in 2022, making substantive contributions to the formulation of a legally binding instrument in this regard. China's vision of a community with a shared future for humanity in the exploration and peaceful use of outer space has gained wide international support, with its inclusion in relevant UN General Assembly resolutions for several consecutive years.

开展透明开放的航天活动。中国秉持平等互信、透明开放原则开展航天活动、参与外空治理。通过航天和国防领域政府白皮书、国防部信息发布等方式，多次阐释中国航天的和平发展宗旨和外空安全政策，介绍主要活动、能力发展和国际交流合作等情况。对外开放发射场、卫星总装集成测试中心等国家航天基础设施，切实履行空间物体登记等国际义务，向有关国家和国际组织通报航天活动，以及航天器再入、避碰等情况。建设性参与联合国“外空透明与建立信任措施”政府专家组，每年在联合国大会参与共提“外空透明与建立信任措施”决议。

Conducting aerospace activities with transparency and openness. China adheres to the principles of equality, mutual trust, transparency, and openness in aerospace activities and outer space governance. Through government white papers on space activities and national defense, information releases by the Ministry of National Defense, and other means, it has communicated on many occasions its commitment to peaceful space development and policies for outer space security, as well as its major activities, capacity development, and international cooperation efforts. It opens national aerospace infrastructure, such as launch sites and the Satellite Assembly, Integration and Test Center, to the public, diligently fulfills its international obligations including space objects registration, and notifies relevant states and international organizations regarding space activities, including spacecraft re-entry notices and collision alerts. It plays a constructive role in the UNGGE on Transparency and Confidence-Building Measures in Outer Space Activities and consistently co-sponsors relevant resolutions at the UN General Assembly.

共同维护外空和平与安全。中国发展航天科技，推动航天事业发展造福全人类。中国推进军事航天部队建设，维护国家外空活动、人员及资产安全和其他利益，提高安全进出和开放利用外空能力，增强外空危机管控和综合治理效能。中国愿同所有爱好和平的国家一道，加强外空安全国际交流与合作，为维护外空持久和平与共同安全作出贡献。

Jointly maintaining peace and security in outer space. China develops space science and technology and advances its space programs for the benefit of humanity. It develops its Aerospace Force, safeguards national space activities, personnel, assets, and other interests, ensures secure access to and open uses of outer space, and increases its effectiveness in space crisis management and comprehensive governance. China is ready to work with all peace-loving countries to promote international exchange and cooperation on outer space security and contribute to lasting peace and common security in outer space.

（二）网络安全

2. Cybersecurity

当前，网络和数字技术突飞猛进，深刻影响全球经济和安全治理格局。网络空间阵营化、军事化、碎片化风险突出，全球网络威胁加剧。网络空间是人类共同的活动空间，网络空间前途命运应由世界各国共同掌握。中国积极推进网络空间全球治理，开展网络空间国际交流合作，是网络空间国际规则体系的坚定倡导者，网络主权与安全的坚定捍卫者，网络空间和平稳定的坚定维护者。

The rapid development of the internet and digital technology has profoundly altered the global economy and security governance. The global threats created by bloc confrontation, militarization and division in cyberspace are increasingly prominent and exacerbating. Cyberspace is a common space for human activities, and its future should be in the hands of all countries. China actively advances global cyberspace governance and engages in international dialogue and cooperation. It firmly champions international rules, safeguards sovereignty and security, and promotes peace and stability in cyberspace. 

倡导构建网络空间命运共同体。2015年12月，中国提出构建网络空间命运共同体重要理念，为全球互联网发展治理贡献了中国方案。这一重要理念包括推进全球互联网治理体系变革的“四项原则”，即“尊重网络主权、维护和平安全、促进开放合作、构建良好秩序”，以及构建网络空间命运共同体的“五点主张”，即“加快全球网络基础设施建设，促进互联互通；打造网上文化交流共享平台，促进交流互鉴；推动网络经济创新发展，促进共同繁荣；保障网络安全，促进有序发展；构建互联网治理体系，促进公平正义”。中国强调，应做到发展共同推进、安全共同维护、治理共同参与、成果共同分享。

Advocating the vision of a community with a shared future in cyberspace. In December 2015, China proposed building a community with a shared future in cyberspace, offering a solution to global internet development and governance. This vision establishes four principles for reforming global internet governance and a five-point initiative on building a community with a shared future in cyberspace. The four principles are: respect for cyber sovereignty, maintenance of peace and security, promotion of openness and cooperation, and formulation of good order. The five-point initiative advocates expediting the construction of global internet infrastructure for greater connectivity, building a shared online platform for cultural exchange and mutual learning, promoting innovative development of the cyber economy for common prosperity, ensuring cybersecurity for orderly development, and establishing an internet governance system for fairness and justice. China underlines the imperative for collective action to promote development, safeguard security, participate in governance, and share the benefits.

2023年以来，中国提出共同推动构建网络空间命运共同体迈向新阶段的重大倡议，倡导发展优先、安危与共、文明互鉴，强调加快推动网络空间创新发展、安全发展、普惠发展。构建网络空间命运共同体重要理念已多次被写入联合国大会决议，受到国际社会广泛赞赏和认同。

In 2023, China put forward the major initiative to raise the vision to a new stage, championing development as a priority, joint responsibility for common security, and mutual learning between cultures, and emphasizing the need to accelerate innovative, secure and inclusive development in cyberspace. Having been included into resolutions of the UN General Assembly, the vision has been widely acclaimed and welcomed by the international community.

坚定支持网络主权原则。网络主权是联合国宪章确立的主权平等原则在网络空间的自然延伸和适用。中国主张，各国对本国境内信息通信基础设施、资源和数据及信息通信活动拥有管辖权，有权保护本国信息系统和重要数据免受威胁、干扰、攻击、窃取和破坏；各国有权制定本国互联网公共政策和法律法规，保障公民、法人和其他组织等主体在网络空间的合法权益；各国有权共同管理和公平分配互联网基础资源，建立多边、民主、透明的国际互联网治理体系；各国不得利用信息通信技术散播虚假信息，干涉别国内政，实施“和平演变”，鼓动“颜色革命”，危害别国国家安全和社会稳定。

Upholding the principle of cyber sovereignty. Cyber sovereignty constitutes the natural extension and application of the principle of sovereignty equality enshrined in the UN Charter to cyberspace. China holds that countries have the right to exercise jurisdiction over information and communications infrastructure, resources, data, and relevant activities within their territories, and protect their information systems and important data from threats, interference, attacks, theft and destruction. They are entitled to formulate their public policies, laws, and regulations on cyberspace to protect the legitimate internet rights and interests of their citizens, legal persons, and organizations. They have the right to jointly manage and equitably allocate foundational internet resources and build a multilateral, democratic and transparent international internet governance system. No nation shall abuse information and communications technologies to disseminate disinformation, interfere in other countries' internal affairs, promote "peaceful evolution" schemes, and instigate color revolutions, thereby endangering other countries' national security and social stability. 

坚决维护网络空间和平安全。和平利用网络空间符合人类共同利益，维护网络空间安全是世界各国的共同责任，网络空间不应成为地缘冲突的新战场。中国反对从实力地位出发“主宰网络空间”，对全球实施大规模、系统性、无差别网络攻击和窃密；反对个别国家肆意将别国关键基础设施作为网络攻击目标，将全球关键基础设施置于巨大风险之中；反对以“网络安全合作”为名，将意识形态对抗和军事同盟引入网络空间，在亚太国家和地区部署网络军事力量，扩散网络武器和系统，增加局势误判和升级风险。

Safeguarding cyberspace peace and security. Peaceful uses of cyberspace are in the common interests of humanity, and maintaining cybersecurity is a responsibility shared by all countries. Cyberspace should not be turned into a new theater of geopolitical conflicts. China opposes attempts to "own the domain" from a position of strength and carry out large-scale, systemic and indiscriminate theft and cyberattacks around the globe. It condemns a certain country' wanton targeting of other nations' critical infrastructure in cyberattacks, which places global critical infrastructure at grave risk. It rejects the introduction of ideological confrontation and military alliance into cyberspace under the guise of "cybersecurity cooperation", including the deployment of cyber forces in the Asia-Pacific region, and the proliferation of cyber weapons and systems, which may increase risks of miscalculation and escalation.

促进网络安全国际合作。2017年3月，中国发布首份《网络空间国际合作战略》，倡导网络空间和平发展、合作共赢。开展双边网络事务对话交流与合作，同俄罗斯、法国、德国及欧盟、东盟等建立网络事务对话机制，拓展与中亚、非洲、拉美和加勒比等地区国家网络和数字领域务实合作。推动上海合作组织成员国就信息安全问题共同发表元首声明，建立信息安全专家组，达成《上海合作组织成员国保障国际信息安全政府间合作协定》并制定合作计划。推动达成《金砖国家网络安全务实合作路线图》及其进展报告，确定政策交流、应急响应、执法合作等合作方向。

Promoting international cooperation on cybersecurity. In March 2017, China released the International Strategy of Cooperation on Cyberspace for peaceful development and mutually beneficial cooperation in cyberspace. It has carried out bilateral cyber affairs dialogues and cooperation: establishing dialogue mechanisms with Russia, France, Germany, the EU, and ASEAN, and expanding practical cooperation in cyberspace and the digital sector with countries in Central Asia, Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean. It has worked with other SCO member states to release a heads-of-state joint statement on information security, set up an expert group on information security, and facilitated the conclusion of the Agreement on Cooperation in Ensuring International Information Security Between the Member States of the SCO with accompanying plans of cooperation. It has contributed to the agreement on the BRICS Roadmap of Practical Cooperation on Ensuring Security in the Use of ICTs and its progress report, identifying areas of cooperation such as policy exchange, emergency response, and collaboration on law enforcement.

引领网络安全国际治理体系建设。中国支持在联合国框架下建立各方普遍参与的网络安全进程，推动制定和落实各国普遍接受的网络空间国际规则。2011年9月，中国联合俄罗斯等向联合国大会提交“信息安全国际行为准则”，并推动上海合作组织成员国于2015年向联合国大会提交准则更新案文，这是国际上首份全面系统阐述网络空间行为规范的文件。2021年12月，中国向联合国提交立场文件，全面阐述中国关于网络空间国际规则的政策主张。

Leading the efforts to build an international governance system for cybersecurity. China supports the establishment of a cybersecurity process under the UN framework with the participation of all parties, and promotes the formulation and implementation of universally accepted international rules on cybersecurity. In September 2011, China, together with Russia and others, jointly submitted the International Code of Conduct for Information Security to the UN General Assembly, which was updated and submitted again in 2015 by all the SCO members then. This was the first comprehensive and systematic international document dedicated to norms of behavior in cyberspace. In December 2021, in its position paper submitted to the UN, China elaborated on its principles and policies concerning the international rules for cyberspace.

中国积极参与联合国信息安全政府专家组和开放式工作组，推动在“信息安全国际行为准则”基础上达成“网络空间负责任国家行为框架”，明确联合国宪章适用于网络空间，成为全球新兴技术治理领域唯一的国家行为规范。中国主张应全面遵守和履行框架，并根据形势和技术发展制定完善全球性网络和数字安全新规则，审慎对待武装冲突法适用于网络空间问题，条件成熟时经各方普遍参与讨论制定新的国际法律文书。

China is an active participant in the UN Group of Governmental Experts on Developments in the Field of ICTs in the Context of International Security and the UN Open-Ended Working Group on Security of and in the Use of ICTs. It has advanced the adoption of the Framework for Responsible State Behavior in the use of ICTs based on the International Code of Conduct for Information Security. This framework explicitly affirms the applicability of the UN Charter to cyberspace, respects states' sovereignty, and stands as the sole code of conduct for states in global emerging technology governance. China is committed to full observation and implementation of the framework, and calls for developing new global rules on cyber and digital security in light of evolving circumstances and technological advancement. It maintains a prudent approach towards the application of the law of armed conflict to cyberspace issues, and encourages the formulation of new international legal instruments through inclusive discussions among all parties when condition permits.

提供全球数据安全治理中国方案。2020年9月，中国提出《全球数据安全倡议》，聚焦关键基础设施和个人信息保护、企业境外数据存储和调取、供应链安全等重大问题提出建设性解决思路，为制定相关全球规则提供了蓝本。2021年3月和2022年6月，中国分别与阿拉伯国家联盟和中亚五国发表《中阿数据安全合作倡议》及《“中国+中亚五国”数据安全合作倡议》，携手数据安全治理，塑造全球数据安全治理体系。2024年11月提出《全球数据跨境流动合作倡议》，推动全球数据跨境流动合作，构建高效便利安全的数据跨境流动机制。

Providing its solutions to global governance of data security. In September 2020, China launched the Global Initiative on Data Security, which proposes constructive solutions to major issues such as critical infrastructure and personal information protection, enterprises' overseas data storage and access, and supply chain security, providing a blueprint for developing relevant global rules. To pool strength for data security governance and shape a global data security governance system, in March 2021 and June 2022 China respectively released the China-League of Arab States Cooperation Initiative on Data Security with the League of Arab States and the China + Central Asia Data Security Cooperation Initiative with the five Central Asian countries. In November 2024, it proposed the Global Cross-Border Data Flow Cooperation Initiative to facilitate global cooperation on cross-border data flows and establish an efficient, convenient and secure mechanism for international data transfer.

建设保卫网络主权与安全的坚强力量。中国长期受到境外网络渗透刺探和攻击破坏，网络主权与关键基础设施面临复杂严峻威胁。中国推进网络空间力量建设，发展网络安全防御手段，建设态势感知、应急响应、容灾备份、溯源取证等能力，及时发现和抵御网络入侵，遏控网络危机，慑止网络冲突，增强网络制衡，筑牢网络边防，将采取一切必要措施应对针对中国关键基础设施的网络攻击，坚决捍卫国家网络主权和安全。

Building up capacity to safeguard its cyber sovereignty and security. China has long been subjected to foreign cyber infiltration, espionage, and attacks, which pose complex and severe threats to its cyber sovereignty and critical infrastructure. China advances its cyberspace capabilities by strengthening cybersecurity defense, situation awareness, emergency response, disaster backup, and attribution and evidence collection. These measures enable timely detection of and defense against cyber intrusions, containment of cyber crises, deterrence against cyber conflicts, and greater cyber counterbalance ability, thereby solidifying national cyber borders. China will adopt all necessary measures to address cyberattacks against its critical infrastructure and steadfastly defend its cyber sovereignty and security.

（三）人工智能军事应用

3. Military Applications of AI

人工智能技术快速发展并广泛应用，深刻影响人类生产生活，增加地缘政治变量，催生新一轮军事革命。近几场局部战争表明，无人作战集群、智能武器平台、智能辅助系统等，正在催生作战样式和作战手段的重大变化，引发国际社会关切。中国倡导在人工智能领域践行人类命运共同体理念，坚持发展与安全并重原则，确保人工智能军事应用安全、可靠、可控。

The rapid development and widespread application of AI technology has profoundly altered the way people work and live, brought new geopolitical uncertainties, and catalyzed a new wave of military transformation. Recent regional conflicts have demonstrated significant changes in warfare formats and approaches with the emergence of UAV swarms, intelligent weapon platforms, and AI-assisted systems, raising concerns in the international community. China champions the vision of a community with a shared future for humanity in AI development and places equal emphasis on development and security to ensure safe, reliable and controllable military applications of AI.

倡导以人为本、智能向善发展理念。中国始终认为，人工智能军事应用不应损害全人类共同福祉，应当增进国家间互信、维护全球战略稳定、防止军备竞赛。应坚持由人主导，决定战争胜负的是人而不是武器，人是最终责任主体，确保有关武器系统始终处在人类控制之下，防止非授权行动。应确保人工智能军事应用符合国际人道法和其他适用的国际法。

Upholding a people-centered approach and the principle of AI for good. China believes that military applications of AI should never undermine humanity's wellbeing; instead, they should facilitate trust among countries, help maintain global strategic stability, and prevent arms races. Human primacy must be upheld and human beings rather than weapons should be the decisive element for the outcome of a war. It is essential to ensure that human beings take the ultimate responsibility and that all relevant weapons systems are under human control to prevent unauthorized actions. The application of AI in the military domain must be conducted in accordance with International Humanitarian Law and other applicable international laws.

倡导建立人工智能军事应用国际治理框架。中国提出《全球人工智能治理倡议》，发布《中国关于规范人工智能军事应用的立场文件》，主张各国尤其是大国应本着慎重负责的态度在军事领域研发和使用人工智能技术。中国建设性参与联合国框架下相关讨论，主张坚持多边主义、开放包容的原则，建立普遍参与的国际机制，形成具有广泛共识的治理框架；反对以意识形态划线、泛化国家安全概念，主张消除人为制造的科技壁垒，确保各国充分享有技术发展与和平利用的权利。中国深入参与《特定常规武器公约》框架下“致命性自主武器系统”政府专家组工作，推动达成相关指导原则。

Calling for an international governance framework for the military applications of AI. China has launched the Global AI Governance Initiative and released the Position Paper of the People's Republic of China on Regulating Military Applications of AI, proposing that all countries, especially major countries, should take a prudent and responsible approach to developing and using AI technology in the military domain. China plays a constructive role in relevant discussions under the UN framework and advocates multilateralism, openness and inclusiveness. It supports the establishment of a universally inclusive international mechanism and a governance framework based on broad consensus. It opposes drawing ideological lines and overextending the concept of national security. It is dedicated to eliminating deliberately created sci-tech barriers to ensure that all countries have the right to develop and use technologies for peaceful purposes. It also thoroughly engages in the work of the Group of Governmental Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons System under the framework of the CCW and contributes to the formulation of relevant guiding principles.

加强人工智能军事应用风险预防和管控。中国不与其他国家开展人工智能军备竞赛，按照世界军事革命趋势、国家安全客观需要和国防军队建设实际，推进军事智能化发展，构建中国特色现代军事力量体系。中国坚持底线思维和风险意识，重视建立质量管控体系和风险应对机制，采取必要措施降低扩散风险，加强人工智能军事伦理和安全教育。

Reinforcing risk prevention and control in the military applications of AI. China does not and will not engage in any AI arms race with other countries; rather it advances its military intelligence and builds its modern military forces with Chinese characteristics in accordance with global military revolution trends, national security requirements, the practical needs of national defense, and the realities of its military development. Remaining prepared to worst-case scenarios and potential threats, China highlights the necessity to establish a quality control system and risk response mechanism, takes necessary measures to mitigate proliferation risks, and strengthens AI-related military ethics and security education.

五、加强防扩散与和平利用科技国际合作

V. Strengthening International Cooperation on Nonproliferation and Peaceful Uses of Science and Technology

国际防扩散体系在防止和延缓大规模杀伤性武器及其运载工具扩散、维护世界和地区和平与安全方面发挥了重要作用。当前，核、生物、化学等大规模杀伤性武器及其运载工具扩散的风险和挑战依然存在，科技进步导致非国家行为体获取大规模杀伤性武器的风险更加多元，单边主义和双重标准进一步抬头，广大发展中国家和平利用科技受到诸多限制，国际社会加强防扩散体系公平性、合理性的呼声高涨。中国持续加强防扩散能力建设，积极参与国际防扩散进程，促进和平利用科技国际合作，推动完善防扩散全球治理。

The international nonproliferation regime plays an important role in preventing and deferring the proliferation of WMD and their means of delivery and in safeguarding international and regional peace and security. At present, the risks and challenges of the proliferation of nuclear, biological and chemical weapons and their means of delivery persist. Scientific and technological progress has led to a more multifaceted risk of non-State actors acquiring WMD. Unilateralism and double standards are on the rise. Developing countries are still faced with restrictions on peaceful uses of science and technology. The international community is calling for a more equitable and rational international nonproliferation regime. China continues to build its domestic nonproliferation capacity, actively participating in the international nonproliferation process, promoting international cooperation on peaceful uses of science and technology, and facilitating the improvement of global nonproliferation governance.

（一）中国的防扩散政策与实践

1. China's Nonproliferation Policy and Practice

中国一贯坚决反对大规模杀伤性武器及其运载工具扩散，严格执行联合国安理会相关决议，在《不扩散核武器条约》《禁止生物武器公约》《禁止化学武器公约》以及国际原子能机构、禁止化学武器组织等国际组织框架下，全面履行各项义务，按时提交国家报告或建立信任措施宣布材料，在国际防扩散合作中发挥引领推动作用。

China has always firmly opposed the proliferation of WMD and their means of delivery, and strictly implemented the relevant UN Security Council resolutions. China fully fulfills its obligations within the framework of the NPT, the BWC, the CWC and international organizations such as the IAEA and the OPCW, submits timely national reports or declarations of confidence-building measures, and plays a leading role in facilitating international nonproliferation cooperation.

加强出口管制制度建设。中国加快完善出口管制体系，建立起以《中华人民共和国出口管制法》为统领，涵盖核、生、化、导等两用物项及军品、核等领域的法律法规体系，实现了出口管制的法制化、规范化管理。2024年12月，《中华人民共和国两用物项出口管制条例》及《中华人民共和国两用物项出口管制清单》正式施行，进一步提高了两用物项出口管制治理效能。

Strengthening export control system. China has stepped up efforts to improve its export control system and has established a system of laws and regulations based on the Export Control Law of the People's Republic of China, covering nuclear, biological, chemical, missile and other dual-use items, military products and nuclear materials, etc. This has placed export control under law-based and standardized governance. In December 2024, the Regulations of the People's Republic of China on the Export Control of Dual-Use Items and the Export Control List of Dual-Use Items of the People's Republic of China went into force, further strengthening governance effectiveness in the export control of dual-use items.

提高防扩散和出口管制监管能力。中国不断完善出口管制执法机制，构建协同有力的执法制度，依法加强对生产、研发、出口、融资等各环节的出口管制监管。根据国际通行做法及本国发展需要，通过跨部门信息交流、组建专家支持团队、强化执法队伍建设等措施，及时查处违法违规案件，确保防扩散和出口管制精准有效，形成有力震慑。积极面向企业、研究机构、高校等开展合规宣教，不断强化全社会合规意识。

Improving nonproliferation and export control regulatory capacity. China continuously improves its export control enforcement mechanisms. It has established a coordinated and robust enforcement system, strengthening export control regulation in all areas including production, research and development, exports and financing. In accordance with common international practice and national development needs, China has taken measures such as inter-departmental information exchange, the formation of expert support teams and the strengthening of law enforcement forces, to promptly investigate and deal with violations. Such measures serve to ensure targeted and effective nonproliferation and export controls, and deter potential violations. The Chinese government has been actively conducting compliance training programs for enterprises, research institutions, higher education institutions and other entities, to raise public awareness.

（二）推动构建公正、合理、非歧视的国际防扩散秩序

2. Promotion of a Fair, Reasonable and Nondiscriminatory International Nonproliferation Order

维护和促进国际及地区和平安全是防扩散的根本目的。中国一贯主张防扩散相关规则制定、机制建设应充分保障和促进各国特别是发展中国家代表性和参与权。中国主张统筹发展和安全，平衡推进防扩散与和平利用国际合作，切实保障发展中国家的发展权利，增强国际防扩散体系的公正性、合理性与非歧视性。

Upholding and promoting international and regional peace and security is the fundamental goal of nonproliferation. China has always maintained that the right to representation and participation of all states, particularly developing ones, should be fully guaranteed and promoted in the formulation of nonproliferation-related rules and mechanisms. China advocates a holistic approach to development and security, and a balanced approach to nonproliferation and international cooperation on peaceful uses, to effectively safeguard the right of developing countries to development, and make the international nonproliferation system more fair, reasonable and nondiscriminatory.

支持联合国在防扩散领域发挥核心作用。中国积极参与联合国安理会1540委员会工作，支持在国家、地区和国际层面切实执行安理会第1540号决议，加强对大规模杀伤性武器及相关材料和技术的国内管理和出口管制，防范和打击非国家行为体获取敏感物项。中国已与联合国裁军事务办公室、1540委员会在华联合举办四期亚太地区国家联络点培训班。

Supporting the central role of the UN in the field of nonproliferation. China actively participates in the work of the Committee established pursuant to UN Security Council Resolution 1540 (2004), supports the effective implementation of Resolution 1540 at the national, regional and international levels, strengthens domestic management and export control over WMD and related materials and technologies, and prevents and combats the acquisition of sensitive items by non-State actors. China has co-hosted four training courses for UN Security Council Resolution 1540 Points of Contact in the Asia-Pacific region, together with the United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs and the 1540 Committee.

积极参与国际防扩散、出口管制体系建设。作为“核供应国集团”成员国，中国主张集团各项工作应以加强《不扩散核武器条约》普遍性、权威性和有效性为目标和准绳，积极参与修订和完善集团管制规则和管制清单相关讨论。中国支持以不结盟运动为代表的发展中国家合理主张，认同多边协商达成的普遍、全面、非歧视性协定是解决防扩散关切的最佳手段。基于上述立场，中国与“导弹及其技术控制制度”“澳大利亚集团”“瓦森纳安排”等机制保持接触，鼓励相关机制恪守技术属性，履行其不干扰相关领域和平利用和正常国际贸易等承诺，为促进共同安全和普遍发展发挥建设性作用。

Actively participating in the building of international nonproliferation and export control system. As a participant of the Nuclear Suppliers Group, China always maintains that strengthening the universality, authority and effectiveness of the NPT should be the goal of and criterion for the Group's work. China actively participates in discussions related to the revision and improvement of the Group's guidelines and control lists. China supports the reasonable proposition of the developing countries, represented by the Non-Aligned Movement, that nonproliferation concerns are best addressed through multilaterally negotiated, universal, comprehensive and nondiscriminatory agreements. Based on this position, China maintains contacts with mechanisms such as the Missile Technology Control Regime, the Australia Group and the Wassenaar Arrangement, and encourages the relevant mechanisms to maintain their technical nature, fulfill their commitments to not interfering with peaceful uses and normal international trade in relevant fields, and play a constructive role in promoting common security and universal development.

（三）坚定维护和平利用科技合法权利

3. Firm Commitment to Upholding the Legitimate Right to the Peaceful Uses of Science and Technology

中国重视新兴科技带来的安全挑战和扩散风险，同时主张维护发展中国家和平利用科技的合法权利，反对将出口管制当作“脱钩断链”的工具，反对以维护国际安全、防扩散为借口滥施出口管制和单边制裁。

China attaches importance to the security challenges and proliferation risks posed by emerging science and technology. At the same time, it advocates for maintaining the legitimate right of developing countries to peaceful uses of science and technology, opposes the use of export controls as a tool for decoupling, and stands against the abuse of export controls and unilateral sanctions under the pretext of international security and nonproliferation.

本着这一精神，2021年10月，中国与立场相近国家向第76届联大一委首次提交“在国际安全领域促进和平利用国际合作”决议草案，强调最大限度参与和平目的的科技、设备、材料交流与合作是国际法赋予各国不可剥夺的权利，要求取消对发展中国家的不合理限制。上述决议获得广泛支持。此后，第77、79届联大再次高票通过该决议。中国欢迎各方持续开展包容性对话，推动决议有效落实。

To uphold this stance, together with countries in similar positions, China submitted for the first time the draft resolution entitled "Promoting International Cooperation on Peaceful Uses in the Context of International Security", to the First Committee of the 76th session of the UN General Assembly in October 2021, which emphasizes the inalienable right of all states to participate in the fullest possible exchange of technology, equipment, and materials for peaceful purposes under international law and calls for the removal of undue restrictions on developing countries. The resolution received broad support. Subsequently, at its 77th and 79th sessions, the General Assembly again adopted the resolution by an overwhelming majority. China welcomes further inclusive dialogues among all parties to promote effective implementation of the resolution. 

结束语

Conclusion

千百年来，人类一直期盼永久和平，但战争从未远离，战争阴霾始终挥之不去。军控、裁军与防扩散是阻止人类滑向战争深渊的重要屏障。80年来，以联合国为核心的多边军控体系逐步成型、趋于完善，为缓解冲突、维护和平发挥了关键作用。

For thousands of years, humanity has yearned for enduring peace, yet war lingers unresolved as an ever-present shadow. Arms control, disarmament, and nonproliferation serve as an important barrier, preventing humanity from slipping into the abyss of war. Over the past eight decades, a multilateral arms control regime with the UN at its core has progressively taken shape and become mature, playing a pivotal role in mitigating conflict and maintaining peace.

当前，百年变局加速演进，和平、发展、合作、共赢的时代潮流不可阻挡，但对抗、冲突、战争风险也在上升，世界动荡失序特征日益凸显，多边军控进程陷入低潮，人类社会面临倒退回弱肉强食丛林法则的风险。

At present, change on a scale unseen in a century is accelerating: The trends towards peace, development, cooperation, and mutual benefit remain unstoppable, while escalating risks of confrontation, conflict and war are exacerbating global instability and disorder, and the process of multilateral arms control has reached a low ebb. A dangerous prospect is emerging, in which international relations are falling back into the law of the jungle, and the weak are at the mercy of the strong.

无论国际风云如何变幻，中国坚定站在历史正确一边、站在人类文明进步一边，是维护世界和平与安全的坚定力量。中国将践行真正的多边主义，力行大国责任担当，不懈推进国际军控进程，为动荡不安的世界注入可靠的稳定性。

No matter how the world changes, China stands firmly on the right side of history and on the side of human progress, and serves as a staunch force for upholding world peace and security. It will practice true multilateralism, take on its responsibility as a major country, and work tirelessly to promote international arms control, providing reliable stability in a turbulent world.

大道不孤，众行致远。中国式现代化是走和平发展道路的现代化，中国的发展是世界和平力量的增长。中国愿同所有爱好和平的国家一道，倡导平等有序的世界多极化、普惠包容的经济全球化，巩固和发展以联合国为核心的国际军控体系，携手构建人类命运共同体，创造人类更加美好的未来！

A noble cause is never a lonely pursuit, and collective efforts ensure sustained progress. Chinese modernization follows the path of peaceful development, and China's growth contributes to the growth of the world's peaceful forces. China stands ready to work with all peace-loving countries to build an equal and orderly multipolar world and promote universally beneficial and inclusive economic globalization. It will consolidate and develop the UN-centered international arms control regime, work with all parties to build a community with a shared future for humanity, and create a brighter future for all.

附录1：中国参加的军控、裁军和防扩散相关条约

（截至2025年11月）

Annex I: List of Arms Control, Disarmament, and Nonproliferation Treaties That China Has Joined 

(As of November 2025)

一、核领域

《不扩散核武器条约》

《全面禁止核试验条约》

《核材料实物保护公约》

《核材料实物保护公约》修正案

《核安全公约》

《制止核恐怖主义行为国际公约》

《拉丁美洲和加勒比禁止核武器条约》第二附加议定书

《南太平洋无核区条约》第二、第三议定书

《非洲无核武器区条约》第一、第二议定书

《中亚无核武器区条约》议定书

《禁止在海床洋底及其底土安置核武器和其他大规模杀伤性武器条约》

《中华人民共和国和国际原子能机构关于在中国实施保障的协定》

《中华人民共和国和国际原子能机构关于在中国实施保障的协定的附加议定书》

I. In the Nuclear Field

Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons

Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty

Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material

Amendment to the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material

Convention on Nuclear Safety

International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism

Additional Protocol II to the Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean

Protocols II and III to the South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Treaty

Protocols I and II to the African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty

Protocol to the Treaty on a Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone in Central Asia

Treaty on the Prohibition of the Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Seabed and the Ocean Floor and in the Subsoil Thereof 

Agreement Between the People's Republic of China and the International Atomic Energy Agency for the Application of Safeguards in China

Additional Protocol to the Agreement Between China and the International Atomic Energy Agency for the Application of Safeguards in China

二、生物领域

《禁止在战争中使用窒息性、毒性或其他气体和细菌作战方法的议定书》

《禁止细菌（生物）和毒素武器的发展、生产及储存以及销毁这类武器的公约》

II. In the Biological Field

Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare

Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction

三、化学领域

《关于禁止发展、生产、储存和使用化学武器及销毁此种武器的公约》

III. In the Chemical Field

Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction

四、常规领域

《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》及其所附第一、第二、第三号议定书

《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》所附的《禁止或限制使用地雷、诱杀装置和其他装置的修正议定书》（修正的第二号议定书）

《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》所附的《关于激光致盲武器的议定书》（第四号议定书）

《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》所附的《战争遗留爆炸物议定书》（第五号议定书）

《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》所附的《关于打击非法制造和贩运枪支及其零部件和弹药的补充议定书》

《武器贸易条约》

IV. In the Conventional Field

Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects and Protocols I-III

Amended Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices Annexed to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects (Amended Protocol II)

Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons Annexed to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects (Protocol IV)

Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War Annexed to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects (Protocol V)

Protocol Against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition, supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime

Arms Trade Treaty

五、其他

《南极条约》

《关于登记射入外层空间物体的公约》

《关于各国探索和利用包括月球和其他天体在内外层空间活动的原则条约》

《禁止为军事或任何其他敌对目的使用改变环境的技术的公约》

V. In Other Fields

The Antarctic Treaty

Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space

Treaty on Principles Concerning the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies

Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques

附录2：中国防扩散出口管制相关法律法规

（截至2025年11月）

Annex II: China's Laws and Regulations Related to Nonproliferation and Export Controls 

(As of November 2025)

一、核领域

《中华人民共和国核材料管制条例》

《中华人民共和国核出口管制条例》

《核出口管制清单》

《核进出口及对外核合作保障监督管理规定》

I. In the Nuclear Field

Regulations of the People's Republic of China on the Control of Nuclear Materials

Regulations of the People's Republic of China on the Control of Nuclear Export

Nuclear Export Control List

Regulations on the Safeguards and Supervision of Nuclear Imports and Exports and International Nuclear Cooperation

二、化学领域

《中华人民共和国监控化学品管理条例》

《各类监控化学品名录》

《〈中华人民共和国监控化学品管理条例〉实施细则》

《列入第三类监控化学品的新增品种清单》

II. In the Chemical Field

Regulations of the People's Republic of China on the Administration of Controlled Chemicals

List of Controlled Chemicals

Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Regulations of the People's Republic of China on the Administration of Controlled Chemicals 

List of New Controlled Chemicals Under Category III 

三、军品出口领域

《中华人民共和国军品出口管理条例》

《中华人民共和国军品出口管理清单》

III. In the Arms Export Field

Regulations of the People's Republic of China on the Administration of Arms Export

Military Products Export Control List of the People's Republic of China

四、两用物项

《中华人民共和国两用物项出口管制条例》

IV. In the Dual-Use Items Field

Regulations of the People's Republic of China on the Export Control of Dual-Use Items

五、其他相关法律法规

《中华人民共和国出口管制法》

《中华人民共和国对外贸易法》

《中华人民共和国行政处罚法》

《中华人民共和国海关法》

《中华人民共和国刑法》及其修正案

V. Other Relevant Laws

Export Control Law of the People's Republic of China

Foreign Trade Law of the People's Republic of China

Law of the People's Republic of China on the Administrative Punishments

Customs Law of the People's Republic of China

Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China and its amendments

（注1）全称为《美苏限制反弹道导弹系统条约》和《美苏消除两国中程导弹和中短程导弹条约》。

（注2）全称为《禁止细菌（生物）及毒素武器的发展、生产及储存以及销毁这类武器的公约》。

（注3）全称为《关于禁止发展、生产、储存和使用化学武器及销毁此种武器的公约》。

（注4）全称为《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》。

（注5）全称为《从各个方面防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易的行动纲领》。

（注6）全称为《使各国能够及时和可靠地识别和追查非法小武器和轻武器的国际文书》。

（注7）全称为《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》所附的《关于打击非法制造和贩运枪支及其零部件和弹药的补充议定书》。

1. The full names are: the Treaty Between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems, and the Treaty Between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Elimination of Their Intermediate-Range and Shorter-Range Missiles.

2. The full name is: the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction.

3. The full name is: the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction.

4. The full name is: the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects.

5. The full name is: the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects.

6. The full name is: the International Instrument to Enable States to Identify and Trace, in a Timely and Reliable Manner, Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons.

7. The full name is: the Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime.

（来源：新华网）

(Source: Xinhua)