江山如画 一时多少豪杰
——《三国演义》英译品读(二)

 
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作者:王晓辉

三国,是个乱世,也是一个英雄的时代。雄才大略的曹操、神机妙算的孔明、忠义神勇的关公、豹头环眼的张飞……借用苏东坡的一句词:“江山如画,一时多少豪杰。”  

小时候读《三国》,最吸引我的就是英雄人物出场的描写,因为太喜欢的缘故,很多段落至今还能随口背出。今年春节,在家躲避新冠病毒,翻出十多年前买回来就束之高阁的英文版《三国演义》,与中文对照着来读,别有一番乐趣。译者是纽约大学教授Moss Roberts,中文名字叫罗慕士,学贯中西,译文的水平也很高,对于学习英语和翻译的人来说,是不可多得的好教材。

【配图:彭星鑫】

《三国演义》第一回“宴桃园豪杰三结义 斩黄巾英雄首立功”,刘备率先登场:“榜文行到涿县,引出涿县中一个英雄。那人不甚好读书;性宽和,寡言语,喜怒不形于色;素有大志,专好结交天下豪杰;生得身长七尺五寸,两耳垂肩,双手过膝,目能自顾其耳,面如冠玉,唇若涂脂;中山靖王刘胜之后,汉景帝阁下玄孙,姓刘名备,字玄德。”

罗慕士教授的译文:

The call was posted in Zhuo county, where it drew the attention of a man of heroic mettle. This man, though no scholar, was gentle and generous by nature, taciturn and reserved. His one ambition was to cultivate the friendship of the boldest spirits of the empire. He stood seven and a half spans tall, with arms that reached below his knees. His ear lobes were elongated, his eyes widely set and able to see his own ears. His face was flawless as jade, and his lips like dabs of rouge. This man was a descendant of Liu Sheng, Prince Jing of Zhongshan, a great-great-grandson of the fourth Han emperor, Jing. His name was Liu Bei; his style, Xuande.

第一句,“榜文行到涿县,引出涿县中一个英雄。”罗慕士教授把这句话中的英雄翻译成a man of heroic mettle(有英雄秉性和气质的人),要比直接译成hero好很多。当时的刘备,虽是汉室宗亲,但早已家道没落,既无功名,又无田产,靠卖草席为生,还算不上英雄,但汉朝末年的乱世为他提供了施展抱负的机会,最终成就一番霸业。中国人没读过《三国》也知道刘备是个英雄,但对于外国读者来说,用a man of heroic mettle过渡一下更好,也符合故事情节的发展逻辑。

中国的古代典籍和文学作品,每涉及帝王,必定附会一些奇异天象或怪异的长相,以示天子与凡人的不同,如伏羲日角,黄帝龙颜,尧眉八采,舜目重瞳,禹耳三漏,文王四乳(东汉王充《论衡》)。刘备虽然不能与三皇五帝相提并论,但也是一代帝王,长相必定要有独特之处,这样才能符合他的身份。手臂长的人很多,但双手过膝的却极为罕见。像刘备这样的人放在今天,用手机自拍倒是十分方便,根本不需要自拍杆!至于两耳垂肩、目能自顾其耳,就属于天生异相了。小说读起来很过瘾,却给翻译带来了极大的挑战。罗慕士老老实实地将“双手过膝”翻成“with arms that reached below his knees”,但“两耳垂肩”、“目能自顾其耳”就太夸张了,罗慕士终于跟不上节奏了:“His ear lobes were elongated, his eyes widely set and able to see his own ears”。译文只说他耳垂很长,并没有夸张到说his ear lobes were so long that they could touch his shoulders。“目能自顾其耳”就更让罗慕士犯难了。刘备目能自顾其耳,究竟是因为什么呢?第一种可能是耳朵太大,用眼睛的余光可以看见;第二种可能是两只眼睛长得太开,像食草动物那样,离耳朵太近了,所以能看见。很明显,罗慕士教授认为是第二种情形,所以,他将“目能自顾其耳”译为“his eyes widely set and able to see his own ears”。我个人认为还是第一种情形,刘备能够看见自己的耳朵,就是因为耳朵大。不仅原文的上下文说得通,从小说中其他人对刘备的称呼中也可以看得出来。如《三国演义》第十九回“下邳城曹操鏖兵 白门楼吕布殒命”,吕布在临死前大骂刘备忘恩负义:“大耳儿!不记辕门射戟时耶(Long-eared one, have you forgotten how I saved you with a shot of my bow)?”可见刘备的大耳朵是出了名的。

《三国演义》中,张飞的形象最为鲜活生动,一亮相便声势夺人:玄德回视其人,身长八尺,豹头环眼,燕颔虎须,声若巨雷,势如奔马。玄德见他形貌异常,问其姓名。其人曰:“某姓张名飞,字翼德。世居涿郡,颇有庄田,卖酒屠猪,专好结交天下豪杰。恰才见公看榜而叹,故此相问。”

罗慕士教授的译文:

Xuande turned and faced a man eight spans tall, with a blunt head like a panther's, huge round eyes, a swallow's heavy jowls, a tiger's whiskers, a thunderous voice, and a stance like a dashing horse. Half in fear, half in admiration, Xuande asked his name.

"The surname," the man replied, "is Zhang; given name, Fei; style, Yide. We've lived in this county for generations, farming our piece of land, selling wine, and slaughtering pigs. I seek to befriend men of bold spirit; when I saw you sighing and studying the recruitment call, I took the occasion to address you."

汉语中有一个十分有趣的修辞现象,就是借用动物和植物来形容人的五官和身体,如“虎背熊腰”、“虎体狼腰”、“柳眉杏眼”、“獐头鼠目”、“贼眉鼠眼”。“豹头环眼”和“燕颔虎须”也属于这一类成语,都是形容相貌威猛,但翻译起来却十分不易。“环眼”和“虎须”还可以照字面直译,但“豹头”和“燕颔”如果直接译成“豹子的脑袋”和“燕子的下巴”,外国读者肯定不理解,即便是用汉语,很具象地把“豹头”和“燕颔”联系起来也不是一件容易的事。

罗慕士教授的翻译是:“with a blunt head like a panther's, huge round eyes, a swallow's heavy jowls, a tiger's whiskers, a thunderous voice, and a stance like a dashing horse”。节奏明快,一气呵成。其中“豹头”译为with a blunt head like a panther's,加入了形容词blunt,是很结实、很硬实的意思;“燕颔”译成英文时加入了heavy,a swallow's heavy jowls,面颊饱满,像燕子一样。估计张飞小的时候应该是虎头虎脑,敦敦实实,长大了就成了“豹头环眼,燕颔虎须”。罗慕士在翻译过程中,巧妙地嵌入了blunt和heavy两个形容词,以四两拨千斤的手法,使译文最大限度地保持了与原文一致。

《三国演义》中大大小小的人物有1200多个,但只有关羽一人成了神。关羽生前被封为汉寿亭侯,死后1000多年,备受历代帝王和儒道两家的推崇,地位一路上升,明朝万历年间被封为“三界伏魔大帝神威远镇天尊关圣帝君”,清乾隆年间又被赐封“忠义神武灵佑关圣大帝”,成为与孔子平起平坐的“武圣”。后来,山西商人的势力越来越大,商铺遍布全国,在晋商的推动下,山陕会馆和山西会馆中都建“关帝庙”,慢慢地,关羽这位山西老乡又成了财神的化身。

身为武圣的关羽长得究竟是什么模样呢?“玄德看其人:身长九尺,髯长二尺;面如重枣,唇若涂脂;丹凤眼,卧蚕眉,相貌堂堂,威风凛凛。”

【配图:彭星鑫】

罗慕士教授的译文:

Xuande observed him: a man of enormous height, nine spans tall, with a two-foot-long beard flowing from his rich, ruddy cheeks. He had glistening lips, eyes sweeping sharply back like those of the crimson-faced phoenix, and brows like nestling silkworms. His stature was imposing, his bearing awesome.

关二爷相貌最具标志性的就是赤面长髯和那一双丹凤眼。所谓丹凤眼,并不是单眼皮一条缝,而是眼睛细长,外眼角上翘,就像凤凰的眼睛一样,所以,罗慕士教授把丹凤眼译为“eyes sweeping sharply back like those of the crimson-faced phoenix”,外国读者不知道什么是丹凤眼,但通过罗慕士的翻译,也能知道关羽的眼睛长什么样了。

战场上的关公,身穿鹦鹉绿战袍,胯下赤兔马,手提青龙刀,对手见了,未曾交战,先自胆寒。两军阵前,关云长很少有没完没了缠斗厮杀的情况,往往是马到人到,手起刀落,斩敌将于马下。最精彩的就是《三国演义》第二十五回“斩颜良”的一段描写:“关公奋然上马,倒提青龙刀,跑下山来,凤目圆睁,蚕眉直竖,直冲彼阵。河北军如波开浪裂,关公径奔颜良。颜良正在麾盖下,见关公冲来,方欲问时,关公赤兔马快,早已跑到面前;颜良措手不及,被云长手起一刀,刺于马下。忽地下马,割了颜良首级,拴于马项之下,飞身上马,提刀出阵,如入无人之境。河北兵将大惊,不战自乱。” 

一双凤眼都睁圆了,两道卧蚕眉竟然竖了起来,“Pointing his blade to the ground, he raced downhill, his phoenix eyes round and fixed, his silkworm eyebrows bristling.” 这是何等豪迈英武的形象!难怪河北军如波开浪裂,无人敢当。到今天,民间还有一句歇后语,“关公开凤眼——要杀人了”。

风云聚散,时空变幻。经过了1800多年,刘、关、张这些英雄形象,并没有随着历史的烟云远去,而是活出了历史,在中国人的心里扎下了根,就像电视连续剧《三国演义》主题曲最后一句所唱的那样,“人间一股英雄气在驰骋纵横”。

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