《西游记》与“说书”

 
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作者:王晓辉

中国的说书艺术源远流长,但究竟始于何时,已无从考证。今天,我们能见到的关于说书的最早的文物,就是成都出土的东汉说唱俑。俑高55厘米,灰陶制成,左臂挟一个小圆鼓,右手持鼓槌,眯眼张口,笑容可掬,仿佛正说唱到精彩之处。说唱俑的出土,证明至少在汉代,说唱的艺术形式已经在民间广泛流行了。

说唱艺术对后来的章回小说影响很大。明代小说《三国演义》《水浒传》和《西游记》,最初都是评书(唐代叫“说话”)的话本,说书的“痕迹”十分明显。

说书人在开讲之前,往往会念上一首诗,或四句或八句,行话叫“定场诗”,主要是为了吸引注意,招徕听众。

《西游记》小说一开篇就是一首七言诗:

混沌未分天地乱,茫茫渺渺无人见。

自从盘古破鸿蒙,开辟从兹清浊辨。

覆载群生仰至仁,发明万物皆成善。

欲知造化会元功,须看《西游释厄传》。

这是一首非常典型的定场诗,从混沌未分到盘古开天,从滋生万物到文明教化,如果想知道自然的运行和发展的道理,请看《西游释厄传》。由古至今,由远及近,自然而然的引出了《西游记》的故事。

定场诗未必是多么高明的诗,但功能性是很强的,须要节奏明快,通俗易懂,朗朗上口,要能将后面的故事引出来。西方虽然也有游吟诗人和史诗的创作传统,但似乎与小说关联不大,外国小说中也很少见到这种写作方式。从这个意义上说,定场诗是中国章回小说非常独特的文化表现形式,也给翻译提出了很大的挑战。译得好,对读者理解故事情节大有帮助,译得不好,反成鸡肋,还不如省去。

那么,上面说的这首诗应该怎么翻译呢?余国藩教授是这样翻译的:

Ere Chaos's divide, with Heav'n and Earth a mess,

No human appeared in this murkiness.

When Pan Gu broke the nebula apart,

The dense and pure defined, did clearing start.

Enfold all life supreme humaneness would

And teach all things how become good they should.

To know cyclic time's work, if that's your quest,

Read Tale of Woes Dispelled on Journey West.

余教授用双韵体将这首诗译成了英文,又加了两个注解,对盘古和《西游释厄传》加以说明。即便不加注解,我想外国读者也是可以看懂的。Ere(中古英语Middle English)就是before,混沌即Chaos,中西认识大致相同,都是指宇宙形成之前的无形无序的状态。When Pan Gu broke the nebula apart, the dense and pure defined, did clearing start. 这句话清楚的解释了盘古开天辟地,将混沌一片的星云分开,浊者为地,清者为天。有了天地,才有众生和最高的人性,也就是“至仁”(supreme humaneness),才能教化万物。会和元都是时间概念,一会为10,800年,一元为129,600年,“会元功”可以理解为漫长的时光中事物的发展变化过程。因为会和元不是我们今天所熟悉的线性时间概念,而是循环时间概念,所以,余教授将其译为cyclic time's work。为了押韵,余教授插入了if that's your quest,与最后一句的west完美匹配。诗中《西游释厄传》可能是指明中期朱鼎臣所辑《西游记》简本,“释厄”就是消除灾难,故译成woes dispelled。

评书不是电影或者戏剧,所有的情节、场面、人物都要靠语言来铺垫。每当有人物出场,说书人就要将其来历、身份、相貌和性格向听众交代清楚,这叫“开脸儿”。如袁阔成的评书《三国演义》关公的开脸儿:“身高九尺五,虎体熊腰,面如重枣,卧蚕眉,丹凤眼,高鼻梁,四字口,大耳相衬,胸前飘洒五绺长髯。” 开脸儿经常采用对偶句、诗词或者韵文的形式,用评书的术语叫作“赋赞”。《西游记》中观音菩萨的开脸儿就是一个非常典型的例子:

理圆四德,智满金身。缨络垂珠翠,香环结宝明。乌云巧迭盘龙髻,绣带轻飘彩凤翎。碧玉纽,素罗袍,祥光笼罩;锦绒裙,金落索,瑞气遮迎。眉如小月,眼似双星。玉面天生喜,朱唇一点红。净瓶甘露年年盛,斜插垂杨岁岁青。解八难,度群生,大慈悯。故镇太山,居南海,救苦寻声,万称万应,千圣千灵。兰心欣紫竹,蕙性爱香藤。他是落伽山上慈悲主,潮音洞里活观音。

【配图:彭靖雯】

说书人讲到精彩之处,往往会来上一段“串口”,串口也叫垛句,是用排比重叠的句子强化效果。《西游记》第四回,孙悟空与哪吒三太子对阵:

六臂哪吒太子,天生美石猴王,

相逢真对手,正遇本源流。

那一个蒙差来下界,

这一个欺心闹斗牛。

斩妖宝剑锋芒快,

砍妖刀狠鬼神愁;

缚妖索子如飞蟒,

降妖大杵似狼头;

火轮掣电烘烘艳,

往往来来滚绣球。

大圣三条如意棒,

前遮后挡运机谋。

苦争数合无高下,

太子心中不肯休。

把那六件兵器多教变,

百千万亿照头丢。

猴王不惧呵呵笑,

铁棒翻腾自运筹。

以一化千千化万,

满空乱舞赛飞虬。

唬得各洞妖王都闭户,

遍山鬼怪尽藏头。

神兵怒气云惨惨,

金箍铁棒响飕飕。

那壁厢,天丁呐喊人人怕;

这壁厢,猴怪摇旗个个忧。

发狠两家齐斗勇,

不知那个刚强那个柔。

这一大段串口下来,如行云流水,气势非凡,把悟空和哪吒的争斗描写的活灵活现,栩栩如生。中文是方块字单音节,读起来很容易形成对称和顿挫的效果,而英文是字母文字,音节既多,又长短不一,所以,翻译串口很难达到原文的效果。我们来看看余国藩教授翻译的这几句话:

The six-armed Prince Nata.

The Heaven-born Handsome Stone Monkey King.

Meeting, each met his match

And found each to be from the same source.

One was consigned to come down to Earth.

The other in guile disturbed the universe.

The edge of the monster-stabbing sword was quick;

The keen, monster-cleaving scimitar alarmed demons and gods;

The monster-binding rope was like a flying snake;

The monster-taming club was like the head of a wolf;

The lightning-propelled fiery wheel was like darting flames;

Hither and thither the embroidered ball rotated.

The three compliant rods of the Great Sage

Protected the front and guarded the rear with care and skill.

A few rounds of bitter contest revealed no victor,

But the prince's mind would not so easily rest.

He ordered the six kinds of weapon to change

Into hundreds and thousands of millions, aiming for the head.

The Monkey King, undaunted, roared with laughter loud,

And wielded his iron rod with artful ease:

One turned to a thousand, a thousand to ten thousand,

Filling the sky as a swarm of dancing dragons,

And shocked the Monster Kings of sundry caves into shutting their doors.

Demons and monsters all over the mountain hid their heads.

The angry breath of divine soldiers was like oppressive clouds.

The golden-hooped iron rod whizzed like the wind.

On this side, 

The battle cries of celestial fighters appalled every one;

On that side,

The banner-waving of monkey monsters startled each person.

Growing fierce, the two parties both willed a test of strength.

We know not who was stronger and who weaker.

这一段翻译非常准确,基本上做到了字字对应。孙悟空是石卵所生,自己炸开蹦出来的;哪吒是他母亲怀了三年六个月产下个肉球,被父亲用剑割开蹦出来的;两个人出生之后都到龙宫里大闹一番,有很相似的经历,所以,《西游记》的作者才会说“相逢真对手,正遇本源流”。“棋逢对手”的英文翻译是meet one's match in a contest,悟空和哪吒each met his match and found each to be from the same source。原文中哪吒的兵器——斩妖剑(monster-stabbing sword)、砍妖刀(monster-cleaving scimitar)、缚妖索(monster-binding rope)、降妖杵(monster-taming club)、火轮儿(lightning-propelled fiery wheel),一口气说出,强化了惊心动魄的效果。余国藩教授在翻译时,特意连续使用monster-stabbing、monster-cleaving、monster-binding、monster-taming,形成“英文串口”。但无论如何,多音节的字母文字也无法像单音节方块字那样产生对称和铿锵的效果。好在外国读者的目的是为了读小说,而不是听评书。

最后,再说说“关子”。关子也叫扣子,是说书人为了抓住听众故意丢下的悬念。评书是一段一段表演的,每到关键时刻,说书人把醒木一拍,这一节就结束了。这样一来,听众就会被悬念提着,心痒难耐,迫不及待的等着下回分解。《西游记》第六回结尾,天兵天将捉了孙悟空,请玉帝发落。玉帝传旨,即命大力鬼王与天丁等众,押至斩妖台,将这厮碎剁其尸。咦!正是:欺诳今遭刑宪苦,英雄气概等时休。

毕竟不知那猴王性命如何,且听下回分解。

The Jade Emperor then gave the order that the demon king Mahabali and the celestial guardians take the prisoner to the monster execution block, where he was to be cut to small pieces. Alas, this is what happens to 

Fraud and impudence, now punished by the Law;

Heroics grand will fade in the briefest time!

We do not know what will become of the Monkey King; let's listen to the explanation in the next chapter.

听众都惦记着孙悟空能不能保住性命,一颗颗心都悬了起来,可就在这个时候,说书人不讲了,吊足了大家的胃口。这就是卖“关子”。每到关键时刻,必定“下回分解”,这时候,说书人可以喘口气儿,喝口茶,迫不及待的听众会送上几文大钱,催促说书人快点往下讲。

结尾“关子”的翻译:

We do not know what will become of the Monkey King; let's listen to the explanation in the next chapter. (余国藩)

再看看其他几位翻译家是怎样处理“下回分解”的:

To learn whether the outcome was favourable or otherwise, please turn to the next chapter. (闵福德 The Story of the Stone chapter 106)

If you do not know what lay in store for them on their way ahead listen to the explanation in the next installment. (詹纳尔 Journey to the West chapter 83)

Could Lord Guan make good his escape? Read on. (罗慕士 Three Kingdoms chapter 27)

Yucun turned to look. But to know who it was, you must read the chapter which follows. (杨宪益、戴乃迭 A Dream of Red Mansions chapter 2)

If you wish for further details, you may learn them in the following chapter. (霍克斯 The Story of the Stone chapter 12)

翻译家们也在尽量寻求一些变化,但结果都是大同小异。

评书词话,取材于民间故事,吸收了老百姓的语言、智慧和想象,是章回小说的源头,也是文化基因的活标本。《西游记》与说书艺术有着千丝万缕的联系,用心倾听,仔细品味,就能感受到中华文化静水流深,文脉跃动。


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