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Location and Territory | Geographical Features | Natural Resources | Climate |
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Rivers, Lakes and Water Resources |
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Water Resources |
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China abounds in rivers, lakes and water resources. Due to its topographical features, most rivers flow east or south into the ocean, thus forming vast outflow river valleys that constitute nearly two-thirds of the national total area. Most of them belong to the Pacific Valley and a small number fall into the Indian Ocean Valley. Only the Erix River in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region that flows westerly out of China belongs to the Arctic Ocean Valley. More than 1,500 rivers have a drainage area of over 1,000 square km. The average annual runoff stands at 2.7 trillion cubic meters, ranking sixth in the world. Holding the top five positions are Brazil, Russia, Canada, the United States and Indonesia. Famous rivers in China include the Yangtze, Yellow, Heilongjiang, Yarlung Zangbo, Pearl and the Huaihe rivers. The Tarim River in Xinjiang is the longest inland river in China. This 2,100-km-long river has been known as the "river of life," as it runs across deserts. Because most of the main rivers originate from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau with big falls, China has abundant waterpower resources, with total reserves of 680 million kw, ranking first in the world. However, the waterpower resources are unevenly distributed, with 70 percent in southwest China. The Yangtze River system has the most waterpower resources, which account for nearly 40 percent of the national total, followed by the Yarlung Zangbo River system. The Yellow and Pearl river systems also abound in waterpower resources. According to the Statistical Communique on the 2004 National Economic and Social Development released by the National Bureau of Statistics in February 2005, the water resources per capita was 2,040 cubic meters in 2004, down 4 percent as compared with 2003. The annual average precipitation was 620 mm, down 2.8 percent. The 422 large reservoirs in China stored 175.8 billion cubic meters of water at the end of 2004, or 7 billion cubic meters more than that at the end of 2003. Total water consumption in 2004 was 550 billion cubic meters, up 3.4 percent over the previous year, of which, water consumption for domestic use rose by 2.2 percent; for industrial use, up 2.8 percent; and for agricultural use, up 3.8 percent. Per-capita water consumption was 423 cubic meters on average, up 3 percent. There were 79 cities throughout China facing the shortage of water. Some 23.4 million people and 13 million large domestic animals experienced temporary difficulty in access to drinking water. Waterpower Reserves of Main River System
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Main Rivers |
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 Yangtze
River The largest in China and the third
longest in the world, the Yangtze rises from Geladaindong, the highest
peak of the Tanggulashan Mountains. It flows 6,300 km eastward traversing
11 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities before emptying into
the East China Sea. It has numerous tributaries, including the Yalongjiang,
Minjiang, Jialingjiang, Hanjiang, Wujiang, Xiangjiang and Ganjiang rivers,
with a combined drainage area of over 1.8 million square km, accounting
for 18.8 percent of China's total area. Its annual runoff stands at 951.3
billion cubic meters, accounting for 52 percent of the national total.
It is a major artery of inland water transportation in China. Flowing easterly from Fengjie County, Chongqing Municipality, to Yichang City, Hubei Province, the Yangtze cuts across Wushan Mountain, forming three gorges with a total length of 193 km. The famous Three Gorges Water Project began construction at the eastern section of the area in 1994. After completion in 2009, the project is expected to be able to control catastrophic flooding in nearby drainage areas that occurs once in a century. It is also expected to annually generate 84.7 billion kwh of electricity, improve navigation conditions, and ensure water supply in urban areas and irrigation of farmland in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Yellow River The second largest in China, it originates from the northern foot of Bayan Har Mountain in Qinghai Province. It flows 5,464 km easterly across nine provinces and autonomous regions before emptying into the Bohai Sea. With a drainage area of more than 750,000 square km, its annual runoff is 66.1 billion cubic meters. It has more than 40 tributaries, of which Fenhe and Weihe rivers are the main ones. The middle section of the river traverses the Loess Plateau with loose soils, making it a river with highest silt content in the world. Around a quarter of the total silt it carries is deposited at downstream riverbeds, making them rise 10 cm a year on average. Thus, the riverbed of many downstream sections of the river is 3 to 5 meters higher than the surrounding land. The upstream of the Yellow River runs through the junction of the country's first- and second-terrace regions, a section reserving most waterpower resources of the river. Many water conservancy projects have been built in this area, including those at Longyangxia, Liujiaxia and Qingtongxia. The middle reaches of the river also abound in waterpower resources. The Xiaolangdi Water Project, situated in Henan Province, is under construction. Heilongjiang River Situated in the northernmost part of China, it is the boundary river between China and Russia. Its mainstream flows 3,420 km within the boundaries of China, with a drainage area of around 900,000 square km. Songhua River It flows 2,308 km, with a drainage area of 557,180 square km and an annual runoff of 76.2 billion cubic meters. Liaohe River It flows 1,390 km, with a drainage area of 228,900 square km and an annual runoff of 14.8 billion cubic meters. Pearl River The largest in south China, it flows 2,214 km, with a drainage area of 453,690 square km and an annual runoff of 333.8 billion cubic meters. In terms of runoff volume, it is considered the second largest in China, next to the Yangtze River. Huaihe River It flows 1,000 km, with a drainage area of 269,283 square km and an annual runoff of 62.2 billion cubic meters. Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal Starting from Beijing's Tongzhou District in the north, the canal extends 1,800 km to Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, in the south. Flowing through Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang, it connects the Haihe, Yellow, Huaihe, Yangtze and Qiantangjiang rivers. First dug in the fifth century B.C., the canal served as an important channel for the transport of grain in ancient China. The earliest and longest artificial waterway in the world, its southern section is still navigable. |
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Lakes |
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| China has numerous lakes. More than 2,800 natural lakes have a surface area of over 1 square km, and some 130 lakes cover more than 100 square km. There are also a large number of artificial lakes (reservoirs). With different salt content, the lakes are classified into saltwater and freshwater lakes. Large lakes are mainly distributed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The Poyang Lake, situated south of the Yangtze River in the north of Jiangxi Province, is the largest freshwater lake in China while the Qinghai Lake on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is the largest saltwater lake. | ||||||||||||||||||||
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