《新疆各民族平等团结发展的历史见证》白皮书
White Paper: Historical Witness to Ethnic Equality, Unity and Development
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| 二、坚持各民族平等团结 | II. Upholding Ethnic Equality and Unity |
| 新疆维吾尔自治区成立以来，坚持和完善民族区域自治制度，贯彻落实国家的民族政策，努力促进各民族共同团结奋斗、共同繁荣发展，发展和巩固了平等、团结、互助、和谐的新型社会主义民族关系。 | Since its establishment in 1955, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has remained committed to supporting and improving the system of ethnic regional autonomy. It has implemented China's ethnic policies, endeavored to promote the unity and common prosperity of various ethnic groups, and developed and consolidated the new type of socialist ethnic relations of equality, unity, mutual assistance and harmony. |
| 坚持各民族一律平等。在中国，各民族不论人口多少、发展程度高低，都具有同等地位，依法享有相同的权利，履行相同的义务。民族区域自治制度的建立，实现了保护少数民族合法权益和保障公民个人平等权利相统一。新疆各族人民享有平等的法律地位，享有宪法和法律赋予的选举与被选举的权利，同时还享有参与国家事务管理、宗教信仰自由、接受教育、使用本民族语言文字、继承本民族传统文化等各项权利。自治区着力消除历史遗留下来的民族隔阂，坚决反对任何形式的民族压迫和歧视，禁止破坏民族团结和制造民族分裂的行为。各级自治地方既尊重和保护本地区各民族的权利，同时还担负着维护国家统一、民族团结、社会稳定的责任。 | The principle of equality among all ethnic groups has been upheld. All ethnic groups in China, regardless of the sizes of their population and levels of development, are equal. They enjoy equal rights and are required to fulfill the same obligations in accordance with the law. The establishment of the system of ethnic regional autonomy served to protect the legitimate rights and interests of ethnic minorities and safeguard the equal rights and interests of individual citizens. People of all ethnic origins in Xinjiang are ensured an equal legal status. They enjoy the rights to vote and stand for election as prescribed by the Constitution and the law, the right of equal participation in the administration of state affairs, the right of religious belief, the right to receive education, the right to use their own spoken and written languages, the right to inherit and carry on the traditional culture of their own ethnic groups, etc. The region has focused on eliminating ethnic misunderstandings carried over from the past; it has firmly opposed any form of ethnic oppression or discrimination, and outlawed any action that might sabotage ethnic unity or incite ethnic separatism. In addition to respecting and protecting the rights and interests of all ethnic peoples within their jurisdiction, governments of ethnic autonomous areas at various levels shoulder at the same time the responsibility of safeguarding national unification, ethnic unity and social stability. |
| 自主管理本民族、本地区的内部事务。新疆维吾尔自治区是多民族共居的自治地方，也是全国唯一三级自治地方（区、州、县）俱全的自治区。自治区内设有５个自治州、６个自治县和42个民族乡。自治地方的各族人民共同选举出人民代表大会（以下简称“人大”）代表，组成自治机关，行使管理本地区内部事务的权利。自治机关在历届人大代表组成以及干部配备上，坚持各民族平等参与、共同管理的原则。2014年，自治区第十二届人大代表名额共550名，有14个民族成份，其中少数民族代表占66%，比少数民族人口在新疆总人口中的比例高出3个百分点。目前，在9位现任自治区人大常委会主任、副主任中，有少数民族6名。自治区主席、自治州州长、自治县县长均由实行区域自治民族的公民担任，绝大多数地区的专员以及市长、县长、区长也由少数民族干部担任。新疆各民族还享有平等参与管理国家事务的权利。2014年，出席第十二届全国人大的新疆代表共60名，其中少数民族代表38名，占63.33%。还有一批少数民族干部在中央和国家机关中担任领导职务。 | Internal affairs of the ethnic autonomous areas are administered independently. Home to more than a dozen major ethnic groups, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is the only autonomous region in China with three levels of autonomous administrative divisions (region, prefecture and county). It boasts five autonomous prefectures, six autonomous counties and 42 ethnic townships. The people of each ethnic autonomous area elect their own deputies to the people's congress and form the self-government organs of power to exercise the right to manage their own internal affairs. In the composition of deputies to the people's congresses and the appointment of officials, the region's self-government organs at each level have always adhered to the principles of equal participation and common management. In 2014, the 550 deputies to the 12th People's Congress of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region came from 14 ethnic groups, with 66 percent being ethnic minorities themselves, three percentage points higher than the proportion of the total population of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang. Of nine chairperson and vice chairpersons of the Standing Committee of the current regional people's congress, six are citizens of ethnic minority origins. In Xinjiang now, the heads of the autonomous region, all the autonomous prefectures and all autonomous counties are citizens from the ethnic group(s) exercising regional autonomy in the areas concerned. Moreover, an overwhelming number of the heads of other prefectures, cities and counties are citizens of ethnic minority origins. Ethnic groups in Xinjiang also enjoy the right of equal participation in the administration of state affairs. Of 60 deputies from Xinjiang who attended the 12th National People's Congress in 2014, 38, or over 63 percent, were ethnic minorities. There are many people of ethnic minority origins from Xinjiang holding leading posts in central and state organs. |
| 根据《中华人民共和国宪法》和《中华人民共和国民族区域自治法》的规定，民族自治地方有权依照当地特点制定自治条例和单行条例，对法律、行政法规、地方性法规作出变通规定。这些规定对保障和维护各少数民族合法权益、促进自治地方经济社会发展发挥了重要作用。 | According to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China and the Law of the People's Republic of China on Ethnic Regional Autonomy, ethnic autonomous areas have the right to enact autonomous and separate regulations to adapt the provisions of the state law, administrative regulations and local regulations in accordance with their local conditions. These stipulations have played an important role in safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of the ethnic minorities and promoting economic and social development in ethnic autonomous areas. |
| 保障各民族使用和发展本民族语言文字的权利。新疆是多语言文字地区，主要使用10种语言。自治区颁布《新疆维吾尔自治区语言文字工作条例》，少数民族语言文字在司法、行政、教育、新闻出版、广播影视、网络等领域以及日常生活中得到广泛应用。政府机关在执行公务、各类机构在招聘及晋级考试时，使用当地通用的一种或者几种语言文字。自治区中小学教育共使用7种语言教学，广播、电视用5种语言播放节目，图书、音像和电子出版物用6种语言文字出版。根据《中华人民共和国国家通用语言文字法》，普通话和规范汉字为国家通用语言和文字。自治区积极倡导少数民族学习国家通用语言和文字，在中小学对少数民族学生进行通用语言文字教育，提倡各民族相互学习语言，增进各民族间的了解和沟通。自2010年起，自治区要求新录用公职人员正式上岗前必须具备基本的国家通用语言和少数民族语言能力，并提供培训“双语”的机会和条件。 | All ethnic groups are guaranteed the right to use and develop their own spoken and written languages. Xinjiang is a region of multiple spoken and written languages, of which there are ten principal ones. The region has enacted the Regulations for Work Concerning Spoken and Written Languages in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, which provides a legal basis for the extensive use of the spoken and written languages of ethnic minorities in such fields as justice, administration, education, news media, publishing, radio, movies, television programs, the Internet and daily life. Government organs in handling public affairs and various other organizations in recruitment and promotion tests all use the language(s) of the ethnic groups exercising autonomy in a given area. Seven languages are used as teaching languages in primary and secondary schools in the region, five languages are used in broadcasting and television programs, and six languages are used in publishing books, audio-visual products and electronic publications. The Law of the People's Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language rules that the standard spoken and written Chinese language is Putonghua (a common speech with pronunciation based on the Beijing dialect) and the standardized Chinese characters. The autonomous region encourages ethnic minorities to study the standard spoken and written Chinese and offers appropriate courses in primary and secondary schools, and it also encourages ethnic minority peoples to study one another's languages so as to enhance mutual understanding and communication. Since 2010, the autonomous region has required that newly recruited civil servants must acquire basic skills in both the standard and ethnic languages before they enter the service, and that they must be provided with opportunities of and conditions for bilingual training. |
| 尊重少数民族风俗习惯，保障各民族保持或者改革本民族风俗习惯的自由。2004年，自治区制定《新疆维吾尔自治区清真食品管理条例》，依法保障有清真饮食习惯民族的饮食习俗，规定县级以上人民政府民族事务主管部门负责本行政区域内清真食品的监督管理工作。扶持和保证少数民族特需用品的生产和供应。在有土葬习俗的少数民族中，不推行火葬，并采取划拨专用土地、建立公墓等措施予以保障。少数民族重大节日成为新疆法定公众假期。自治区提倡各民族相互尊重风俗习惯，倡导少数民族在衣食住行、婚丧嫁娶、礼仪风俗各方面奉行科学、文明、健康的新习俗。 | The customs of ethnic minorities are respected and the freedom of each ethnic group to maintain or reform its own customs is protected. In 2004, the region formulated the Halal Food Regulations of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region to protect the halal dietary customs of the relevant ethnic groups, which stipulated that departments in charge of ethnic affairs of the people's governments at/above the county level are vested with the responsibility of supervising and exercising control over the production and supply of halal food within areas under their jurisdiction. The region also renders support to and guarantees the production and supply of special supplies to ethnic minorities. Ethnic minorities which have the tradition of inhumation (ground burial) are exempt from the government requirement for cremation, and are allotted special plots for cemeteries. Major festivals of the ethnic minorities are also made official public holidays in Xinjiang. The region encourages all ethnic groups to respect one another's customs while encourages following more scientific, civilized and healthy customs in relation to food, clothing, shelter, transportation, weddings, funerals and etiquettes. |
| 选拔、培养、使用少数民族干部和专业技术人才。自治区通过培训学习、基层锻炼、异地交流、岗位轮换等多种形式，培养了大批各领域少数民族行政和专业技术干部。1955年，新疆有少数民族干部4.6万人，2014年增至41.7万人，占自治区干部总数的51.4%。自治区在公开选拔领导干部、录用国家工作人员时，对少数民族适当放宽条件，通过划定比例、定向招考、适当加分等政策，确保一定数量的少数民族进入公务员队伍。2009－2014年，自治区招录少数民族公务员占招录总数的比例从29.9%提高到48.3%。少数民族专业技术人才培养得到特别支持。1992年开始，国家实施新疆少数民族科技骨干特殊培养工作，采取培训、研修、交流、锻炼等多种方式，至2014年共培养了3917名新疆急需的中高层次少数民族专业技术人才。自2000年起，自治区设立“少数民族科技人才特殊培养计划科研专项资金”，支持少数民族科技骨干实施科技项目。新疆少数民族专业技术人员由1985年的12.43万人增长到2014年的29.44万人，占全区专业技术人员总数的比例由34.43％增长到58.37％，仅高级职称少数民族专业技术人才就达2.11万人。 | Candidates of ethnic minority origins are selected and cultivated as officials and professionals. A large number of administrative officials and technical professionals from ethnic minority groups have been fostered through training courses and working at the grassroots level, or through work exchanges or job rotation. In 1955, the number of ethnic minority officials in Xinjiang was 46,000, which increased to 417,000 in 2014, accounting for 51.4 percent of the total officials in the region. When selecting leading officials and recruiting civil servants, the autonomous region implements more flexible policies such as setting a recruitment ratio and offering directional recruitment and bonus points in favor of ethnic minorities, so as to make sure that a certain number of ethnic minorities join the civil service. The proportion of ethnic minority civil servants in the total recruitment increased from 29.9 percent in 2009 to 48.3 percent in 2014. Special support has been given to professional personnel of ethnic minority origins. Since 1992, the state has put in place a special program to train professionals of ethnic minority origins in key areas of science and technology by way of holding training courses, advanced studies, exchanges and being placed on more challenging posts, etc. and by the end of 2014 the region had trained in total 3,917 middle- and high-caliber professionals of ethnic minority origins badly needed in Xinjiang. In key areas of science and technology, Xinjiang has established and implemented a fund for special training of science and technology talents of ethnic minority origins since 2000. The number of ethnic minority technical professionals in Xinjiang increased from 124,300 in 1985 to 294,400 in 2014, and the proportion rose from 34.43 percent to 58.37 percent of the total number of such people in the region. The number of ethnic minority professionals with academic titles equivalent to professor and associate professor reached 21,100 in 2014. |
| 民族区域自治为民族团结提供制度保障。1955年，新疆总人口511.78万人，2014年增长至2322.54万人，其中少数民族1463.04万人，占总人口的63%。自治区坚持开展形式多样的民族团结宣传教育，特别重视对青少年的教育，在小学至大学的各类学校教育中均设置民族团结及民族知识教育课程。坚持不懈地开展民族团结进步创建活动。自1983年开始，自治区先后召开了7次民族团结进步表彰大会，大力表彰民族团结进步模范单位和个人，在全社会推动形成以维护民族团结为荣、以损害民族团结为耻的社会风尚。目前，受到国务院、国家民委、自治区三级表彰的民族团结进步模范单位1304个（次）、模范个人2272人（次）。1983年开始，每年5月开展“民族团结教育月”活动，集中进行民族团结的宣传教育。2009年，自治区颁布实施《新疆维吾尔自治区民族团结教育条例》，进一步规范了民族团结教育活动，推动各族民众共同维护民族团结。2010年底，又出台了《新疆维吾尔自治区民族团结进步模范单位和模范个人创建表彰管理办法（试行）》，积极引导各族民众加强交往交流交融，相互帮助；提倡各民族中小学生同校学习，同班上课。“汉族离不开少数民族，少数民族离不开汉族，各少数民族之间也相互离不开”成为加强民族团结的重要思想保证。 | The ethnic regional autonomy provides an institutional guarantee to ethnic unity. The region's population totaled 5.1 million in 1955 while by 2014 it had increased to over 23.2 million, of which 14.6 million were ethnic minorities, making up 63 percent of the total. The region has carried out all kinds of educational programs advocating ethnic unity, paying particular attention to education of the youth, as evidenced by courses on ethnic unity and knowledge about the various ethnic groups offered in various institutions of learning - from primary schools to universities. In Xinjiang, unremitting efforts have also been made in holding activities promoting ethnic unity and progress. To advocate ethnic unity and counter acts undermining it, the autonomous region has since 1983 held seven meetings awarding those making outstanding contribution to ethnic unity and progress, and commending units and individuals who have excelled in this regard. To date, the State Council, the State Ethnic Affairs Commission and the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region have commended 1,304 model units and 2,272 exemplary individuals. Since 1983, the region has held an "educational month of ethnic unity" each May, carrying out intensive and extensive public publicity on ethnic unity. In 2009, the region promulgated the Regulations of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region on Ethnic Unity Education, further regulating ethnic unity education activities in order to call people of all ethnic groups to safeguard ethnic unity. By the end of 2010, the region had enacted the Measures for the Administration of Commendation of Role Models Contributing to Ethnic Unity Activities (Trial). The region encourages all members of ethnic groups to strengthen contact, exchange, integration and mutual support mechanisms, and advocates that primary or secondary school students of all ethnic groups study in the same classes and schools. It has become an important ideological guarantee for ethnic unity that "the Han Chinese cannot live without the ethnic minorities, the ethnic minorities cannot do without the Han Chinese, and no any one minority group can live without the other minority groups." |
| 近年来，随着经济社会的发展，新疆各民族人口流动更加频繁，少数民族人口城市化、散居化趋势明显，民族间交往交流不断密切。在共同工作、学习、娱乐，以及共同的社区生活中，不同民族成员增进了彼此的了解和友谊。 | Along with the region's economic and social development in recent years, increasing mobility has been witnessed in the population of different ethnic groups in Xinjiang. There has been a rising trend in the urbanization and scattered living of ethnic minorities (who used to live in remote rural areas in concentrated communities - ed.), and as such the contact and exchange among them have grown ever closer. In work, study and entertainment as well as shared community life, people of different ethnic origins have enhanced their friendship and mutual understanding. |
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